Chapter 2 Vocabulary

Question 1

Sub-Atomic Particle

Answer 1

What makes up an atom

Question 2

Proton

Answer 2

Positive charge, found in nucleus

Question 3

Electron

Answer 3

Negative charge, found outside nucleus

Question 4

Neutron

Answer 4

no charge, found in nucleus

Question 5

Valence Electrons

Answer 5

outermost electrons, determine reactivity behavior of atom

Question 6

Octet Rule

Answer 6

all atoms do what is easiest to achieve 8 valence electrons

Question 7

Atomic Number

Answer 7

number of protons in an atom

Question 8

Atomic Weight

Answer 8

average mass number of all the element’s different atoms found in nature

Question 9

Properties of Metals

Answer 9

shiny, hard, solid
conducts electricity & heat
tends to lose valence electrons
malleable and ductile
forms cations

Question 10

Properties of Non-Metals

Answer 10

soft brittle, liquid/gas
does not conduct electricity or heat
tend to gain valence electrons
not malleable or ductile
forms anions

Question 11

Ionic Bond

Answer 11

Bond between oppistively-charged atoms; metal and non-metal

Question 12

Covalent Bond

Answer 12

bond between atoms that share a pair of valence electrons; 2 non-metals

Question 13

Acid

Answer 13

substances that release H+ ions (or protons) into the solution

Question 14

Strong Acid

Answer 14

Substances that COMPLETELY release H+ ions in solution

Question 15

Buffer

Answer 15

solutions that resist significant changes in pH, function both as H+ donors & H+ acceptors

Question 16

Solute

Answer 16

component in a solution present in small quantities

Question 17

Hydrogen Bonding

Answer 17

intermolecular bond that occurs between the slightly positive hydrogen atom from one water moleucle and the slightly negative oxygen atom of another water molecule

Question 18

Soluble

Answer 18

substance that will dissolve in a given solvent

Question 19

Oxidation

Answer 19

substance loses electrons

Question 20

Osmotic Interference

Answer 20

presence of solute molecules in the solution interfers with the normal boiling/freezing point of the solution

Question 21

Isotope

Answer 21

same element, different mass

Question 22

Mass Number

Answer 22

number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Question 23

Cation

Answer 23

postive ion, it lost an electron

Question 24

Anion

Answer 24

negative ion, it gained an electron

Question 25

Alkali Metals

Answer 25

1st column on left
1 valence electron
very reactive
violent with water
doesn’t occur freely in nature

Question 26

Alkaline Earth Metals

Answer 26

2nd column on left
2 valence electrons
reactive

Question 27

Halogens

Answer 27

2nd column from right
7 valence electrons
very reactive with non-metals

Question 28

Noble (Inert) Gases

Answer 28

last column on right
8 valence electrons
stable af

Question 29

Ionization

Answer 29

gain or loss of electrons

Question 30

Hydrophobic

Answer 30

oil-like

Question 31

Hydrophilic

Answer 31

water-like

Question 32

Base

Question 33

Strong Base

Answer 33

substances that either release OH_ ions into solution or accept protons (H+) from acids

Question 34

Solvent

Answer 34

component in a solution present in larger quantities

Question 35

Solution

Answer 35

combination of substances where the solute is dissolved into the solvent

Question 36

Universal Solvent

Answer 36

Water

Question 37

Insoluble

Answer 37

substances that will not dissolve in a given solvent

Question 38

Reduction

Answer 38

substances gain electrons by reducing the charge on a substance