Exam 1 Flashcards
1
Q
What Autotrophic mean?
A
Make your own chemical food
2
Q
What does Heterotrophic mean?
A
obtain your chemical food from other sources
3
Q
What is a cell?
A
The smallest structural and functional unit of life
4
Q
What does Prokaryotic mean?
A
a simple cell, no “true” nucleus or nuclear membrane
5
Q
What does Eukaryotic mean?
A
a complex cell, has a “true” nucleus or nuclear membrane
6
Q
What does Taxonomy mean?
A
classify living organicism into 5 large Kingdoms based on the older classification system
7
Q
What are the 5 Kingdoms?
A
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Monera
Protista
8
Q
What is Matter?
A
material that takes up space and has mass
9
Q
Matter can exist as…
A
solid, liquid or gas
10
Q
what is genus + species ?
A
binomial nomenclature system allows for 2 names for each organism
11
Q
What is an Independent Variable?
A
The variable(s) controlled by the researcher to effect the Dependent Variable
12
Q
What is a Dependent Variable
A
The variable measured by the reasearcher; the outcome
13
Q
What is a Control Variable
A
Variables that stay the same throughout the experiment
14
Q
What is Evolution?
A
changes over time in the gene pool of a species
15
Q
What is Natural Selection?
A
Environmental factors that favors the reproductive future of certain members of a population/species based on genetic variation present in those individuals
16
Q
What is Atomic Number?
A
The number of protons in an atom
17
Q
What is Mass Number?
A
The number of protons and neutrons in an atom
18
Q
What is a Cation?
A
A positive ion, it lost an electron
19
Q
What is an Anion?
A
a negative ion, it gained an electron
20
Q
What is Electronegativity?
A
An atom’s attraction for its electrons, including shared electrons
21
Q
Who created the Periodic Table?
A
Dmitri Mendeleev
22
Q
What is the purpose of the Periodic Table?
A
To classify elements as they are discovered
23
Q
How are elements organized on the Periodic Table?
A
Elements are organized according to their increasing Atomic Number
24
Q
Where are the Metals on the Periodic Table?
A
Left and Middle columns
25
Where are the Non-Metals on the Periodic Table?
Right columns
26
Which family as 1 valence electron on the Periodic Table?
Alkali Metals
27
Where are the Alkali Metals on the Periodic Table
1st column on the left
28
Which family has 2 valence electrons on the Periodic Table?
Alkaline Earth Metals
29
Where are the Alkaline Earth Metals on the Periodic Table?
2nd column on the left
30
Which family has 7 valence electrons on the Periodic Table?
Halogens
31
Where are the Halogens on the Periodic Table?
2nd column from the right
32
Which family has 8 valence electrons on the Periodic Table?
Noble Gases
33
Where are the Noble Gases on the Periodic Table?
Last column on the right
34
Which tend to LOSE valence electrons? Metals or Non-Metals
Metals
35
Which tend to GAIN valence electrons? Metals or Non-Metals
Non-Metals
36
Which form CATIONS? Metals or Non-Metals
Metals
37
Which form ANIONS? Metals or Non-Metals
Non-Metals
38
Which conducts electricity and heat? Metals or Non-Metals
Metals
39
Which are soft and brittle? Metals or Non-Metals
Non-Metals
40
Which are shiny and hard? Metals or Non-Metals
Metals
41
Which tends to be a solid? Metal or Non-Metal
Metal
42
Which tends to be a liquid or a gas? Metal or Non-Metals?
Non-Metals
43
What is a Isotope?
An element with a different mass then listed on the Periodic Table
44
What is the Octet Rule?
All atoms react to reach an overall electron organization structure of 8 valence electrons, as it is the most stable energy configuration
45
What is a Valence Electron?
The outermost electrons
46
What do Valence Electrons do?
Determine reactivity behavior of an atom
47
Where are Electrons found in an Atom?
outside the nucleus in "shells" of different energy levels
48
What is a Chemical/Molecular Formula of a Compound?
A formula that identifies the actual types of numbers of atoms in one molecule of a compound
49
What is an Ionic Bond?
The attractions between oppositely charged atoms
50
What type of chemical bond occurs between a Metal and Non-Metal?
Ionic Bond
51
What is a Polar Covalent Bond?
The attraction between atoms that UNEQUALLY share a pair of valence electrons
52
What is a Non-Polar Covalent Bond?
The attraction between atoms that EQUALLY share a pair of valence electrons
53
What type of chemical bond occurs between a Non-Metal and a Non-Metal
Covalent Bond
54
What is a Compound?
a substance formed from atoms of 2+ different elements, combined in a fixed ration, held together by chemical bonds
55
What is a Molecule?
The smallest particle of a compound that retains the chemical behavior of that compound
56
What is a Chemical Reaction?
A change in matter characterized by breaking of old chemical bonds and the formation of new chemical bonds
57
The formation of a gas (bubbles) is a sign of a _____ Reaction.
Chemical Reaction
58
The change in color of a substance is a sign of a _____ Reaction.
Chemical Reaction
59
The formation of a solid precipitate in a liquid environment is a sign of a _____ Reaction.
Chemical Reaction
60
A change between solid, liquid and gas is a sign of a _____ Reaction.
Physical Reaction
61
What is a Chemical Equation?
Used to describe what is happening in a chemical reaction
62
What happens during the Oxidation process?
The substance loses electrons
63
What happens during the Reduction process?
The substance gains electrons by reducing the charge on a substance
64
What is a Solute?
The component in a solution present in smaller quantities
65
What is a Solvent?
The component in a solution present in large quantities
66
What is a Solution?
A homogenous combination of substances where the solute is dissolved in the solvent
67
What is Suspension?
A heterogenous mixture of dissolved particles that are so large that they settle out at the bottom of the container over time
68
What does it mean for a substance to be Soluble?
The substance will dissolve in a given solvent
69
What is Freezing Point?
The temperature where a liquid become a solid
70
What is Boiling Point?
The temperature where a liquid becomes a gas
71
What is Sublimation?
The transition of a solid becoming a gas
72
What does it mean for a substance to be Insoluble?
The substance will not dissolve in a given solvent
73
What does Hydrophobic mean?
Oil-like
74
What does Hydrophilic mean?
Water-like
75
What is Osmotic Interference?
When the presence of solute molecules in the solution interferes with the normal boiling/freezing point of the solution
76
What is Hydrogen bonding?
The intermolecular bond that occurs between the slightly positive hydrogen atom from one water molecule and the slightly negative oxygen atom of another water molecule
77
Why is Water considered the Universal Solvent?
Its superior dissolving ability of ionic compounds
78
What is a "Strong" Acid?
A substance that COMPLETELY releases H+ ion, or completely ionize
79
What is a "Weak" Acid?
A substance that PARTIAL releases H+ ions, or incompletely ionize
80
What is a Base?
A substance that either releases OH- ions into a solution or accepts protons (H+) from acids
81
Is HCl an Acid or a Base?
Acid
82
Is HNO₃ an Acid or a Base?
Acid
83
Is CH₃COOH an Acid or a Base?
Acid
84
Is NaOH an Acid or a Base?
Base
85
Is KOH an Acid or a Base?
Base
86
Is MgOH₂ an Acid or a Base?
Base
87
A Higher pH Value means the solution is ____
More Basic
88
A Lower pH Value means the solution is ____
More Acidic
89
What is a Buffer Solution?
A solution that resists significant changes in pH
90
What are the 4 categories of molecules of cells
1. Proteins
2. Carbohydrates
3. Nucleic Acids
4. Lipids and ATP
91
What is the purpose of the Molecules of Cells for humans?
We consume the molecules, break them down and build them back up to use.
92
What are Hydrocarbons?
the simplest organic compounds that function as a fossil fuel
93
What is CH₄?
Methane (Hydrocarbon)
94
What is C₂H₆?
Ethane (Hydrocarbon)
95
What is C₄H₁₀?
Butane (Hydrocarbon)
96
What is C₃H₈?
Propane (Hydrocarbon)
97
What is C₅H₁₂?
Pentane (Hydrocarbon)
98
What is the Hydroxyl Group?
Alcohols; -OH
99
What is the Carboxyl Group?
Carboxylic Acids; -COOH
100
What is the Amino Group?
Amines; -NH₂
101
What is the Carbonyl Group?
Aldehyde if at the end of a molecule, Ketone if not
C = O
102
What is the Sulfhydryl Group?
Stabilizes the structure of proteins, -SH
103
What are Alcohols?
Hydrocarbons with a single OH group attached in place of one of the other hydrogen atoms
104
How are Alcohols named?
Name of the alkane root + -ol
105
What is the monomer of Carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
106
What is a monomer
single part of biomolecules, building block
107
What is the polymers of Carbohydrates?
Polysaccharides
108
What is the bond of Carbohydrates?
Glycosidic, exists as either straight chains or as rings
109
What is the function of Carbohydrates?
provide material to build cell membrane, quick energy for cells
110
What is the monomer of Proteins?
Amino Acids
111
What is the polymers of Proteins?
Polypeptide
112
What is the bond of Proteins?
Peptide, covalent bond formed between basic amino group of molecule and the acidic carboxyl group of another
113
What is the function of Proteins?
Provide structure, aid in muscle movement, provide immunity
114
What is the monomer of Nucleic Acids?
Nucleotide
115
What is the polymers of Nucleic Acids?
Nucleic Acid
116
What is the bond of Nucleic Acids?
Phosphodiester (backbone) + hydrogen (both strands)
117
What is the function of Nucleic Acids?
contains genetic information, directs growth & development
118
What is the monomer(s) of Lipids?
Glycerol (back bone) and Fatty Acids
119
What is the function of Lipids?
store energy, cushion & insulate organs, material used for cell membrance
120
What is the FIRST step in the development of a Protein Structure?
Primary Structure
121
What is the SECOND step in the development of a Protein Structure?
Secondary Structure
122
What is the THIRD step in the development of a Protein Structure?
Tertiary Structure
123
What are the 4 types of Chemical bonds involved with maintaining Protein structure?
1. Hydrogen bonds
2. Salt bridges (Ionic bonds) between R Groups
3. Disulfide Bonds
4. Hydrophobic Interactions
124
What changes are Proteins sensitive to?
1. pH
2. Temperature
3. Salinity (salt concentration)
125
What does Denaturation mean?
Proteins unfold, losing their shape.
126
What is the molecular formula all Monosaccharides have
C₆H₁₂O₆, arranged in different ways
127
A word ending in __ose means it is most likely a...
Sugar
128
How many Amino Acids are there?
20 Amino Acids
129
What is the smallest Protein structure called?
A Peptide
130
What is starch?
A long chain of glucose molecules
131
Which is the genetic material of cells? DNA or RNA
DNA
132
Which coordinates protein synthesis? DNA or RNA
RNA
133
Which is double-stranded? DNA or RNA
DNA
134
Which is single-stranded? DNA or RNA
RNA
135
Which contains deoxyribose sugar? DNA or RNA
DNA
136
Which contains ribose sugar? DNA or RNA
RNA
137
What is a fatty acid chain with one or more double bonds?
Unsaturated
138
What is a fatty acid chain with only single bonds?
Saturated
139
What is the 1st step of the Scientific Method?
Observation of some activity
140
What is the 2nd step of the Scientific Method?
Question and Inquiry
141
What is the 3rd step of the Scientific Method?
Tentative Hypothesis
142
What is the 4th step of the Scientific Method?
Controlled Experiment
143
What is the 5th step of the Scientific Method?
Analysis & Conclusion
144
What is the 6th step of the Scientific Method?
Theory
