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Bio 100 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What Autotrophic mean?

A

Make your own chemical food

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2
Q

What does Heterotrophic mean?

A

obtain your chemical food from other sources

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3
Q

What is a cell?

A

The smallest structural and functional unit of life

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4
Q

What does Prokaryotic mean?

A

a simple cell, no “true” nucleus or nuclear membrane

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5
Q

What does Eukaryotic mean?

A

a complex cell, has a “true” nucleus or nuclear membrane

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6
Q

What does Taxonomy mean?

A

classify living organicism into 5 large Kingdoms based on the older classification system

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7
Q

What are the 5 Kingdoms?

A

Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Monera
Protista

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8
Q

What is Matter?

A

material that takes up space and has mass

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9
Q

Matter can exist as…

A

solid, liquid or gas

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10
Q

what is genus + species ?

A

binomial nomenclature system allows for 2 names for each organism

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11
Q

What is an Independent Variable?

A

The variable(s) controlled by the researcher to effect the Dependent Variable

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12
Q

What is a Dependent Variable

A

The variable measured by the reasearcher; the outcome

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13
Q

What is a Control Variable

A

Variables that stay the same throughout the experiment

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14
Q

What is Evolution?

A

changes over time in the gene pool of a species

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15
Q

What is Natural Selection?

A

Environmental factors that favors the reproductive future of certain members of a population/species based on genetic variation present in those individuals

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16
Q

What is Atomic Number?

A

The number of protons in an atom

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17
Q

What is Mass Number?

A

The number of protons and neutrons in an atom

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18
Q

What is a Cation?

A

A positive ion, it lost an electron

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19
Q

What is an Anion?

A

a negative ion, it gained an electron

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20
Q

What is Electronegativity?

A

An atom’s attraction for its electrons, including shared electrons

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21
Q

Who created the Periodic Table?

A

Dmitri Mendeleev

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22
Q

What is the purpose of the Periodic Table?

A

To classify elements as they are discovered

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23
Q

How are elements organized on the Periodic Table?

A

Elements are organized according to their increasing Atomic Number

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24
Q

Where are the Metals on the Periodic Table?

A

Left and Middle columns

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25
Q

Where are the Non-Metals on the Periodic Table?

A

Right columns

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26
Q

Which family as 1 valence electron on the Periodic Table?

A

Alkali Metals

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27
Q

Where are the Alkali Metals on the Periodic Table

A

1st column on the left

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28
Q

Which family has 2 valence electrons on the Periodic Table?

A

Alkaline Earth Metals

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29
Q

Where are the Alkaline Earth Metals on the Periodic Table?

A

2nd column on the left

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30
Q

Which family has 7 valence electrons on the Periodic Table?

A

Halogens

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31
Q

Where are the Halogens on the Periodic Table?

A

2nd column from the right

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32
Q

Which family has 8 valence electrons on the Periodic Table?

A

Noble Gases

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33
Q

Where are the Noble Gases on the Periodic Table?

A

Last column on the right

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34
Q

Which tend to LOSE valence electrons? Metals or Non-Metals

A

Metals

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35
Q

Which tend to GAIN valence electrons? Metals or Non-Metals

A

Non-Metals

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36
Q

Which form CATIONS? Metals or Non-Metals

A

Metals

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37
Q

Which form ANIONS? Metals or Non-Metals

A

Non-Metals

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38
Q

Which conducts electricity and heat? Metals or Non-Metals

A

Metals

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39
Q

Which are soft and brittle? Metals or Non-Metals

A

Non-Metals

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40
Q

Which are shiny and hard? Metals or Non-Metals

A

Metals

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41
Q

Which tends to be a solid? Metal or Non-Metal

A

Metal

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42
Q

Which tends to be a liquid or a gas? Metal or Non-Metals?

A

Non-Metals

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43
Q

What is a Isotope?

A

An element with a different mass then listed on the Periodic Table

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44
Q

What is the Octet Rule?

A

All atoms react to reach an overall electron organization structure of 8 valence electrons, as it is the most stable energy configuration

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45
Q

What is a Valence Electron?

A

The outermost electrons

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46
Q

What do Valence Electrons do?

A

Determine reactivity behavior of an atom

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47
Q

Where are Electrons found in an Atom?

A

outside the nucleus in “shells” of different energy levels

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48
Q

What is a Chemical/Molecular Formula of a Compound?

A

A formula that identifies the actual types of numbers of atoms in one molecule of a compound

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49
Q

What is an Ionic Bond?

A

The attractions between oppositely charged atoms

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50
Q

What type of chemical bond occurs between a Metal and Non-Metal?

A

Ionic Bond

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51
Q

What is a Polar Covalent Bond?

A

The attraction between atoms that UNEQUALLY share a pair of valence electrons

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52
Q

What is a Non-Polar Covalent Bond?

A

The attraction between atoms that EQUALLY share a pair of valence electrons

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53
Q

What type of chemical bond occurs between a Non-Metal and a Non-Metal

A

Covalent Bond

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54
Q

What is a Compound?

A

a substance formed from atoms of 2+ different elements, combined in a fixed ration, held together by chemical bonds

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55
Q

What is a Molecule?

A

The smallest particle of a compound that retains the chemical behavior of that compound

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56
Q

What is a Chemical Reaction?

A

A change in matter characterized by breaking of old chemical bonds and the formation of new chemical bonds

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57
Q

The formation of a gas (bubbles) is a sign of a _____ Reaction.

A

Chemical Reaction

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58
Q

The change in color of a substance is a sign of a _____ Reaction.

A

Chemical Reaction

59
Q

The formation of a solid precipitate in a liquid environment is a sign of a _____ Reaction.

A

Chemical Reaction

60
Q

A change between solid, liquid and gas is a sign of a _____ Reaction.

A

Physical Reaction

61
Q

What is a Chemical Equation?

A

Used to describe what is happening in a chemical reaction

62
Q

What happens during the Oxidation process?

A

The substance loses electrons

63
Q

What happens during the Reduction process?

A

The substance gains electrons by reducing the charge on a substance

64
Q

What is a Solute?

A

The component in a solution present in smaller quantities

65
Q

What is a Solvent?

A

The component in a solution present in large quantities

66
Q

What is a Solution?

A

A homogenous combination of substances where the solute is dissolved in the solvent

67
Q

What is Suspension?

A

A heterogenous mixture of dissolved particles that are so large that they settle out at the bottom of the container over time

68
Q

What does it mean for a substance to be Soluble?

A

The substance will dissolve in a given solvent

69
Q

What is Freezing Point?

A

The temperature where a liquid become a solid

70
Q

What is Boiling Point?

A

The temperature where a liquid becomes a gas

71
Q

What is Sublimation?

A

The transition of a solid becoming a gas

72
Q

What does it mean for a substance to be Insoluble?

A

The substance will not dissolve in a given solvent

73
Q

What does Hydrophobic mean?

A

Oil-like

74
Q

What does Hydrophilic mean?

A

Water-like

75
Q

What is Osmotic Interference?

A

When the presence of solute molecules in the solution interferes with the normal boiling/freezing point of the solution

76
Q

What is Hydrogen bonding?

A

The intermolecular bond that occurs between the slightly positive hydrogen atom from one water molecule and the slightly negative oxygen atom of another water molecule

77
Q

Why is Water considered the Universal Solvent?

A

Its superior dissolving ability of ionic compounds

78
Q

What is a “Strong” Acid?

A

A substance that COMPLETELY releases H+ ion, or completely ionize

79
Q

What is a “Weak” Acid?

A

A substance that PARTIAL releases H+ ions, or incompletely ionize

80
Q

What is a Base?

A

A substance that either releases OH- ions into a solution or accepts protons (H+) from acids

81
Q

Is HCl an Acid or a Base?

A

Acid

82
Q

Is HNO₃ an Acid or a Base?

A

Acid

83
Q

Is CH₃COOH an Acid or a Base?

A

Acid

84
Q

Is NaOH an Acid or a Base?

A

Base

85
Q

Is KOH an Acid or a Base?

A

Base

86
Q

Is MgOH₂ an Acid or a Base?

A

Base

87
Q

A Higher pH Value means the solution is ____

A

More Basic

88
Q

A Lower pH Value means the solution is ____

A

More Acidic

89
Q

What is a Buffer Solution?

A

A solution that resists significant changes in pH

90
Q

What are the 4 categories of molecules of cells

A
  1. Proteins
  2. Carbohydrates
  3. Nucleic Acids
  4. Lipids and ATP
91
Q

What is the purpose of the Molecules of Cells for humans?

A

We consume the molecules, break them down and build them back up to use.

92
Q

What are Hydrocarbons?

A

the simplest organic compounds that function as a fossil fuel

93
Q

What is CH₄?

A

Methane (Hydrocarbon)

94
Q

What is C₂H₆?

A

Ethane (Hydrocarbon)

95
Q

What is C₄H₁₀?

A

Butane (Hydrocarbon)

96
Q

What is C₃H₈?

A

Propane (Hydrocarbon)

97
Q

What is C₅H₁₂?

A

Pentane (Hydrocarbon)

98
Q

What is the Hydroxyl Group?

A

Alcohols; -OH

99
Q

What is the Carboxyl Group?

A

Carboxylic Acids; -COOH

100
Q

What is the Amino Group?

A

Amines; -NH₂

101
Q

What is the Carbonyl Group?

A

Aldehyde if at the end of a molecule, Ketone if not
C = O

102
Q

What is the Sulfhydryl Group?

A

Stabilizes the structure of proteins, -SH

103
Q

What are Alcohols?

A

Hydrocarbons with a single OH group attached in place of one of the other hydrogen atoms

104
Q

How are Alcohols named?

A

Name of the alkane root + -ol

105
Q

What is the monomer of Carbohydrates?

A

monosaccharides

106
Q

What is a monomer

A

single part of biomolecules, building block

107
Q

What is the polymers of Carbohydrates?

A

Polysaccharides

108
Q

What is the bond of Carbohydrates?

A

Glycosidic, exists as either straight chains or as rings

109
Q

What is the function of Carbohydrates?

A

provide material to build cell membrane, quick energy for cells

110
Q

What is the monomer of Proteins?

A

Amino Acids

111
Q

What is the polymers of Proteins?

A

Polypeptide

112
Q

What is the bond of Proteins?

A

Peptide, covalent bond formed between basic amino group of molecule and the acidic carboxyl group of another

113
Q

What is the function of Proteins?

A

Provide structure, aid in muscle movement, provide immunity

114
Q

What is the monomer of Nucleic Acids?

A

Nucleotide

115
Q

What is the polymers of Nucleic Acids?

A

Nucleic Acid

116
Q

What is the bond of Nucleic Acids?

A

Phosphodiester (backbone) + hydrogen (both strands)

117
Q

What is the function of Nucleic Acids?

A

contains genetic information, directs growth & development

118
Q

What is the monomer(s) of Lipids?

A

Glycerol (back bone) and Fatty Acids

119
Q

What is the function of Lipids?

A

store energy, cushion & insulate organs, material used for cell membrance

120
Q

What is the FIRST step in the development of a Protein Structure?

A

Primary Structure

121
Q

What is the SECOND step in the development of a Protein Structure?

A

Secondary Structure

122
Q

What is the THIRD step in the development of a Protein Structure?

A

Tertiary Structure

123
Q

What are the 4 types of Chemical bonds involved with maintaining Protein structure?

A
  1. Hydrogen bonds
  2. Salt bridges (Ionic bonds) between R Groups
  3. Disulfide Bonds
  4. Hydrophobic Interactions
124
Q

What changes are Proteins sensitive to?

A
  1. pH
  2. Temperature
  3. Salinity (salt concentration)
125
Q

What does Denaturation mean?

A

Proteins unfold, losing their shape.

126
Q

What is the molecular formula all Monosaccharides have

A

C₆H₁₂O₆, arranged in different ways

127
Q

A word ending in __ose means it is most likely a…

A

Sugar

128
Q

How many Amino Acids are there?

A

20 Amino Acids

129
Q

What is the smallest Protein structure called?

A

A Peptide

130
Q

What is starch?

A

A long chain of glucose molecules

131
Q

Which is the genetic material of cells? DNA or RNA

A

DNA

132
Q

Which coordinates protein synthesis? DNA or RNA

A

RNA

133
Q

Which is double-stranded? DNA or RNA

A

DNA

134
Q

Which is single-stranded? DNA or RNA

A

RNA

135
Q

Which contains deoxyribose sugar? DNA or RNA

A

DNA

136
Q

Which contains ribose sugar? DNA or RNA

A

RNA

137
Q

What is a fatty acid chain with one or more double bonds?

A

Unsaturated

138
Q

What is a fatty acid chain with only single bonds?

A

Saturated

139
Q

What is the 1st step of the Scientific Method?

A

Observation of some activity

140
Q

What is the 2nd step of the Scientific Method?

A

Question and Inquiry

141
Q

What is the 3rd step of the Scientific Method?

A

Tentative Hypothesis

142
Q

What is the 4th step of the Scientific Method?

A

Controlled Experiment

143
Q

What is the 5th step of the Scientific Method?

A

Analysis & Conclusion

144
Q

What is the 6th step of the Scientific Method?

A

Theory

Bio 100 (19 decks)

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