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Bio 100 > Chapter 10 (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Chapter 10 (Exam 3) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What did Frederick Griffith discover in relation to DNA?

A

A “transforming principle” was responsible for hereditary material being passed through generations

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2
Q

Who discovered a “transforming principle” being responsible for hereditary material being passed through generations?

A

Frederick Griffith

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3
Q

What did Oswald Avery discover in relation to DNA?

A

Repeated Frederick Griffith’s work and asserted that DNA was the hereditary material

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4
Q

Who repeated Frederick Griffith’s work, asserting that DNA was the gereditary material?

A

Oswald Avery

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5
Q

Who discovered that DNA was the genetic material?

A

Max Delbruck, Alfred Hershey, Martha Chase, et al.

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6
Q

What did Max Delbruck, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase discover in relation to DNA?

A

DNA was the hereditary material not, proteins

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7
Q

Who discovered DNA’s structure?

A

Francis Crick and James Watson

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8
Q

What did Francis Crick and James Watson discover in relation to DNA?

A

DNA’s structure

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9
Q

Who provided the information necessary to discover DNA’s structure?

A

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

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10
Q

How did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins help discover DNA’s structue?

A

provide x-ray diffraction studies of DNA

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11
Q

DNA strands are ___.

A

anti-parallel

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12
Q

What does it mean for DNA strands to be anti-parallel?

A

5’ -> 3’ and 3’ -> 5’

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13
Q

What is the backbone of DNA?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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14
Q

What do phosphodiester bonds do for DNA?

A

backbone that holds nucleotides together

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15
Q

What forms the steps of the ladder shape of DNA?

A

nitrogenous bases held together by hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

What holds the nitrogenous bases together in DNA?

A

hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

Nitrogenous bases are the ___ of the DNA ladder.

A

steps

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18
Q

What do hydrogen bonds do in DNA?

A

hold nitrogenous bases together

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19
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen bases?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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20
Q

Adenine pairs with ___.

A

Thymine

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21
Q

Thymine pairs with ___.

A

Adenine

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22
Q

Guanine pairs with ___.

A

Cytosine

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23
Q

Cytosine pairs with ___.

A

Guanine

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24
Q

Why is DNA replication considered Semi-Concertive?

A

half the strands are newly-synthesized and the other half are templates

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25
Q

What is the first step of DNA replication?

A

unwinding the DNA

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26
Q

What is the second step of DNA replication?

A

nucleotide additions

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27
Q

What is the third step of DNA replication?

A

sealing the gaps

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28
Q

What enzyme unwinds the DNA strands during replication?

A

DNA Helicase

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29
Q

What does the DNA Helicase enzyme do during DNA replication?

A

unwinds the DNA strands

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30
Q

What enzyme adds new bases to the exposed bases during DNA replication?

A

DNA Polymerase

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31
Q

What does the DNA Polymerase enzyme do during DNA replication?

A

add new bases to the already exposed bases of the DNA strand

32
Q

What enzyme repairs the gaps of the new DNA strand during DNA replication?

A

DNA Ligase

33
Q

What does the DNA Ligase enzyme do during DNA replication?

A

repair gaps in the new strand of DNA

34
Q

What are the two major steps of Protein Synthesis?

A

Transcription and Translation

35
Q

What major step of Protein synthesis occurs in the nucleus of the cell?

A

Transcription

36
Q

What major step of Protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell?

A

Translation

37
Q

Where does Transcription occur? (Protein Synthesis)

A

in the nucleus

38
Q

Where does Translation occur? (Protein Synthesis)

A

in the cytoplasm

39
Q

What is the 1st step of Protein Synthesis?

A

DNA existing in the nucleus

40
Q

What is the 2nd step of Protein Synthesis?

A

the genetic information from the DNA is copied to mRNA

41
Q

What is the 3rd step of Protein Synthesis?

A

The mRNA is capped, introns spliced out and polyadenylation and leaves the nucleus via pores in the nuclear membrane

42
Q

What is the 4th step of Protein Synthesis?

A

mRNA moves into the cytoplasm and becomes associated with ribosomes

43
Q

What is the 5th step of Protein Synthesis?

A

tRNA molecules with anticodons carry amino acids to the MRNA

44
Q

What is the 6th step of Protein Synthesis?

A

anticodon - codon complementary base pairing

45
Q

What is the 7th step of Protein Synthesis?

A

the growing polypeptide chain is transferred from the outgoing tRNA to the incoming tRNA

46
Q

What is the 8th step of Protein Synthesis?

A

outgoing tRNA departs and soon picks up another of the same amino acid

47
Q

What is the genetic code?

A

every 3 nucleotides signals for 1 amino acid

48
Q

What is a codon?

A

3 nucleotides in mRNA that signal for 1 amino acid

49
Q

What is the name for the 3 nucleotides in mRNA that signal for 1 amino acid?

A

codon

50
Q

What is an anticodon?

A

3 nucleotides in tRNA that are the opposite of those in mRNA.

51
Q

What are the 3 nucleotides in tRNA that are the opposite of those in mRNA?

A

anticodons

52
Q

What are stop signals?

A

codons that stop protein synthesis

53
Q

What are the codons that stop protein synthesis called?

A

stop signals

54
Q

What is a segment of DNA that codes for a single polypeptide chain called?

A

a gene (molecular)

55
Q

What is a gene? (molecular)

A

a segment of DNA that codes for a single polypeptide chain

56
Q

What contains our genetic code?

A

DNA

57
Q

What does DNA do?

A

contain our genetic code

58
Q

What contains codons for Protein Synthesis?

A

mRNA

59
Q

What does mRNA do during Protein Synthesis?

A

contain codons

60
Q

What is comprised the ribosome for the site of Protein Synthesis?

A

rRNA

61
Q

What contains anticodons for Protein Synthesis?

A

tRNA

62
Q

What does rRNA do during Protein Synthesis?

A

comprises the ribosome for the site of polypeptide synthesis

63
Q

What does tRNA do during Protein Synthesis?

A

contain anticodons

64
Q

What is the monomer/building block for a polypeptide? (Protein Synthesis)

A

Amino Acid

65
Q

What role does Amino Acid serve during Protein Synthesis?

A

the monomer/building block for a polypeptide

66
Q

What is the end product of Protein Synthesis?

A

Polypeptide

67
Q

What is a polypeptide? (Protein Synthesis)

A

the end product of protein synthesis

68
Q

What type of mutation is a Base Pair Substitution Mutation?

A

gene mutation

69
Q

What type of mutation is a Frameshift mutation?

A

gene mutation

70
Q

What are the two major types of gene mutations?

A

Base Pair Substitution Mutations
Frameshift Mutations

71
Q

Is a Base Pair Substitution or Frameshift Mutation more harmful?

A

Frameshift Mutation

72
Q

What happens during a Base Pair Substitution Mutation?

A

one of the four nitrogen bases are substituted for another

73
Q

What mutation occurs when one of the four nitrogen bases are substituted for another?

A

Base Pair Substitution Mutation

74
Q

What happens during a Frameshift Mutation?

A

an addition or deletion occurs in the base sequence, causing a misread of the amino acid sequence

75
Q

What mutation occurs when there is addition or deletion in the base sequence?

A

Frameshift Mutation

Bio 100 (19 decks)

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