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Bio 100 > Chapter 10 (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Chapter 10 (Exam 3) Flashcards

1
Q

What did Frederick Griffith discover in relation to DNA?

A

A “transforming principle” was responsible for hereditary material being passed through generations

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2
Q

Who discovered a “transforming principle” being responsible for hereditary material being passed through generations?

A

Frederick Griffith

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3
Q

What did Oswald Avery discover in relation to DNA?

A

Repeated Frederick Griffith’s work and asserted that DNA was the hereditary material

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4
Q

Who repeated Frederick Griffith’s work, asserting that DNA was the gereditary material?

A

Oswald Avery

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5
Q

Who discovered that DNA was the genetic material?

A

Max Delbruck, Alfred Hershey, Martha Chase, et al.

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6
Q

What did Max Delbruck, Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase discover in relation to DNA?

A

DNA was the hereditary material not, proteins

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7
Q

Who discovered DNA’s structure?

A

Francis Crick and James Watson

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8
Q

What did Francis Crick and James Watson discover in relation to DNA?

A

DNA’s structure

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9
Q

Who provided the information necessary to discover DNA’s structure?

A

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

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10
Q

How did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins help discover DNA’s structue?

A

provide x-ray diffraction studies of DNA

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11
Q

DNA strands are ___.

A

anti-parallel

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12
Q

What does it mean for DNA strands to be anti-parallel?

A

5’ -> 3’ and 3’ -> 5’

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13
Q

What is the backbone of DNA?

A

Phosphodiester bonds

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14
Q

What do phosphodiester bonds do for DNA?

A

backbone that holds nucleotides together

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15
Q

What forms the steps of the ladder shape of DNA?

A

nitrogenous bases held together by hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

What holds the nitrogenous bases together in DNA?

A

hydrogen bonds

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17
Q

Nitrogenous bases are the ___ of the DNA ladder.

A

steps

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18
Q

What do hydrogen bonds do in DNA?

A

hold nitrogenous bases together

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19
Q

What are the 4 nitrogen bases?

A

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

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20
Q

Adenine pairs with ___.

A

Thymine

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21
Q

Thymine pairs with ___.

A

Adenine

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22
Q

Guanine pairs with ___.

A

Cytosine

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23
Q

Cytosine pairs with ___.

A

Guanine

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24
Q

Why is DNA replication considered Semi-Concertive?

A

half the strands are newly-synthesized and the other half are templates

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25
What is the first step of DNA replication?
unwinding the DNA
26
What is the second step of DNA replication?
nucleotide additions
27
What is the third step of DNA replication?
sealing the gaps
28
What enzyme unwinds the DNA strands during replication?
DNA Helicase
29
What does the DNA Helicase enzyme do during DNA replication?
unwinds the DNA strands
30
What enzyme adds new bases to the exposed bases during DNA replication?
DNA Polymerase
31
What does the DNA Polymerase enzyme do during DNA replication?
add new bases to the already exposed bases of the DNA strand
32
What enzyme repairs the gaps of the new DNA strand during DNA replication?
DNA Ligase
33
What does the DNA Ligase enzyme do during DNA replication?
repair gaps in the new strand of DNA
34
What are the two major steps of Protein Synthesis?
Transcription and Translation
35
What major step of Protein synthesis occurs in the nucleus of the cell?
Transcription
36
What major step of Protein synthesis occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell?
Translation
37
Where does Transcription occur? (Protein Synthesis)
in the nucleus
38
Where does Translation occur? (Protein Synthesis)
in the cytoplasm
39
What is the 1st step of Protein Synthesis?
DNA existing in the nucleus
40
What is the 2nd step of Protein Synthesis?
the genetic information from the DNA is copied to mRNA
41
What is the 3rd step of Protein Synthesis?
The mRNA is capped, introns spliced out and polyadenylation and leaves the nucleus via pores in the nuclear membrane
42
What is the 4th step of Protein Synthesis?
mRNA moves into the cytoplasm and becomes associated with ribosomes
43
What is the 5th step of Protein Synthesis?
tRNA molecules with anticodons carry amino acids to the MRNA
44
What is the 6th step of Protein Synthesis?
anticodon - codon complementary base pairing
45
What is the 7th step of Protein Synthesis?
the growing polypeptide chain is transferred from the outgoing tRNA to the incoming tRNA
46
What is the 8th step of Protein Synthesis?
outgoing tRNA departs and soon picks up another of the same amino acid
47
What is the genetic code?
every 3 nucleotides signals for 1 amino acid
48
What is a codon?
3 nucleotides in mRNA that signal for 1 amino acid
49
What is the name for the 3 nucleotides in mRNA that signal for 1 amino acid?
codon
50
What is an anticodon?
3 nucleotides in tRNA that are the opposite of those in mRNA.
51
What are the 3 nucleotides in tRNA that are the opposite of those in mRNA?
anticodons
52
What are stop signals?
codons that stop protein synthesis
53
What are the codons that stop protein synthesis called?
stop signals
54
What is a segment of DNA that codes for a single polypeptide chain called?
a gene (molecular)
55
What is a gene? (molecular)
a segment of DNA that codes for a single polypeptide chain
56
What contains our genetic code?
DNA
57
What does DNA do?
contain our genetic code
58
What contains codons for Protein Synthesis?
mRNA
59
What does mRNA do during Protein Synthesis?
contain codons
60
What is comprised the ribosome for the site of Protein Synthesis?
rRNA
61
What contains anticodons for Protein Synthesis?
tRNA
62
What does rRNA do during Protein Synthesis?
comprises the ribosome for the site of polypeptide synthesis
63
What does tRNA do during Protein Synthesis?
contain anticodons
64
What is the monomer/building block for a polypeptide? (Protein Synthesis)
Amino Acid
65
What role does Amino Acid serve during Protein Synthesis?
the monomer/building block for a polypeptide
66
What is the end product of Protein Synthesis?
Polypeptide
67
What is a polypeptide? (Protein Synthesis)
the end product of protein synthesis
68
What type of mutation is a Base Pair Substitution Mutation?
gene mutation
69
What type of mutation is a Frameshift mutation?
gene mutation
70
What are the two major types of gene mutations?
Base Pair Substitution Mutations Frameshift Mutations
71
Is a Base Pair Substitution or Frameshift Mutation more harmful?
Frameshift Mutation
72
What happens during a Base Pair Substitution Mutation?
one of the four nitrogen bases are substituted for another
73
What mutation occurs when one of the four nitrogen bases are substituted for another?
Base Pair Substitution Mutation
74
What happens during a Frameshift Mutation?
an addition or deletion occurs in the base sequence, causing a misread of the amino acid sequence
75
What mutation occurs when there is addition or deletion in the base sequence?
Frameshift Mutation

Bio 100 (19 decks)

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