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Bio 100 > Chapter 11 (Exam 3) > Flashcards

Chapter 11 (Exam 3) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is a chromosome mutation?

A

a change in the structure of a chromosome

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2
Q

What is a change in the structure of a chromosome called?

A

a chromosome mutation

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3
Q

What are the four types of chromosome mutations?

A

Inversion
Translocation
Deletion
Duplication

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4
Q

What type of chromosome mutation?
A B C D E F ==> A B C F E D

A

Inversion

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5
Q

What type of chromosome mutation?
A B C - - - ==> G H I J K L D E F

A

Translocation

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6
Q

What type of chromosome mutation?
A B C D E F ==> A B C - - -

A

Deletion

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7
Q

What type of chromosome mutation?
A B C D E F ==> A B C D E F E F E F E

A

Duplication

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8
Q

What is nondisjunction?

A

the faulty attachment and separation of the chromosome to the spindle’s microtubules

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9
Q

What is the terms used to refer to the faulty attachment and separation of the chromosome to the spindle’s microtubules?

A

nondisjunction

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10
Q

XX Genotype =

A

normal female

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11
Q

XY Genotype =

A

normal male

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12
Q

What gene promotes male development? What chromosome is it on?

A

SRY gene on the Y chromosome

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13
Q

What development does the SRY gene promote?

A

male development

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14
Q

X_ Genotype =

A

turner syndrome

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15
Q

What is the genotype of a normal female? (sex chromosomes)

A

XX

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16
Q

What is the genotype of a normal male? (sex chromosomes)

A

XY

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17
Q

What is the genotype of turner’s syndrome?

A

X_

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18
Q

XXY Genotype =

A

Klinefelter Syndrome

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19
Q

What is the genotype of Klinefelter Syndrome?

A

XXY

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20
Q

What is the genotype of metafemales?

A

XXX

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21
Q

XXX Genotype =

A

metafemale (triple x syndrome)

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22
Q

XYY Genotype =

A

Jacob’s syndrome

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23
Q

What is the genotype of Jacob’s syndrome?

A

XYY

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24
Q

What are the genes located on the sex chromosomes called?

A

Sex-linked genes

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25
Q

What are sex-linked genes?

A

genes located on the sex chromosomes

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26
Q

What are X-linked recessive disorders?

A

disorders linked to the X chromosome, males are more likely to be affected due to only have one X chromosome

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27
Q

What type of disorder is Color Blindness?

A

X-linked recessive disorder

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28
Q

What type of disorder is Hemophilia?

A

X-linked recessive disorder

29
Q

What type of disorder is Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy?

A

X-linked recessive disorder

30
Q

About how many genes do we have?

A

~50,000 genes

31
Q

About how many of our genes are turned on?

A

~10%

32
Q

What is the Barr Body?

A

the unused X chromosome in females

33
Q

What is the unused X chromosome in females called?

A

the barr body

34
Q

what type of cell escapes mitotic controlling factors? (cancer or normal)

A

cancer

35
Q

What type of cell divides an unlimited number of time? (cancer or normal)

A

cancer

36
Q

What type of cell loses contact inhibition? (cancer or normal)

A

cancer

37
Q

What type of cell releases vascularization factor? (cancer or normal)

A

cancer

38
Q

What type of cell releases collagenase? (cancer or normal)

A

cancer

39
Q

What type of cell detaches and spreads? (cancer or normal)

A

cancer

40
Q

What type of cell exhibit poor cell surface adhesion? (cancer or normal)

A

cancer

41
Q

What type of cell forms tumors? (cancer or normal)

A

cancer

42
Q

What type of cell responds to mitotic controlling factors? (cancer or normal)

A

normal

43
Q

What type of cell divides a maximum of 50 times? (cancer or normal)

A

normal

44
Q

What type of cell exhibits contact inhibition? (cancer or normal)

A

normal

45
Q

What type of cell exhibits good cell surface adhesion? (cancer or normal)

A

normal

46
Q

What type of cell forms tissues? (cancer or normal)

A

normal

47
Q

What type of tumor has slow-growth? (benign or malignant)

A

benign

48
Q

What type of tumor has aggressive-growth? (benign or malignant)

A

malignant

49
Q

What type of tumor is encapsulated? (benign or malignant)

A

benign

50
Q

What type of tumor demonstrates metastasis? (benign or malignant)

A

malignant

51
Q

What is metastasis?

A

the rapid growth, breaking apart, and migration through the body to secondary site

52
Q

What is the rapid growth, breaking apart, and migration through the body to a secondary site called?

A

metastasis

53
Q

What is contact inhibition?

A

the cell’s ability to stop replicating when there are enough cells nearby

54
Q

What is the name of a cell’s ability to stop replication?

A

contact inhibition

55
Q

The development of cancer requires ___.

A

several mutations

56
Q

What is an oncogene?

A

a gene that transforms a normal cell into a cancer cell

57
Q

What is a gene that transforms a normal cell into a cancer cell called?

A

oncogene

58
Q

What is a proto-oncogene?

A

a normal gene that has a positive impact on cell division

59
Q

What is a normal gene that has a positive impact on cell division called?

A

proto-oncogenes

60
Q

What do white blood cells do in terms of cancer?

A

detect and eliminate cancer cells

61
Q

What type of cell can detect and eliminate cancer cells?

A

white blood cells

62
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes?

A

normal genes that has a negative impact on cell division

63
Q

What is a normal gene that has a negative impact on cell division called?

A

tumor suppressor gene

64
Q

What is a common tumor suppressor gene?

A

p53

65
Q

What are substances that cause cancer within our environment called?

A

carcinogens

66
Q

What are carcinogens?

A

substances that cause cancer found within our environment

67
Q

(T/F) x-rays are carcinogens

A

true

68
Q

(T/F) viruses are carcinogens

A

true

69
Q

(T/F) pesticides are carcinogens

A

true

Bio 100 (19 decks)

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