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PSYC 211 > Lecture 9: Vision l > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Vision l Flashcards

1
Q

sensation

A

How cells in the nervous system detect stimuli in the environment and how they transduce these signals into a change in membrane potential and neurotransmitter release

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2
Q

perception

A

the conscious experience and interpretation of sensory information

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3
Q

sensory receptors/neurons

A

Specialized neurons that detect a specific category of physical events. They accomplish this task with receptor proteins that are sensitive to specific sensory stimuli

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4
Q

do sensory receptors have axons and release action potentials?

A

some do, but not all of them

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5
Q

do sensory neurons release neurotransmitters?

A

yes

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6
Q

what are the sensory neurons that do not release action potentials?

A

small cells that release neurotransmitters in a graded fashion dependent on their membrane potential

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7
Q

the more depolarized a cell is, the ____ neurotransmitters it releases

A

more

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8
Q

sensory transduction

A

the process by which sensory stimuli are converted into receptor potentials

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9
Q

receptor potential

A

graded change in the membrane potential of a sensory neuron caused by sensory stimuli

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10
Q

opsins

A

receptor proteins that are sensitive to light

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11
Q

4 types of opsin proteins

A

rhodopsin, and the red, green, and blue cone opsins

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12
Q

4 types of photoreceptor cells

A

rod cell, red cone cell, green cone cell, blue cone cell

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13
Q

what do rod cells express?

A

rhodopsin

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14
Q

what do red cone cells express?

A

the red cone opsin

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15
Q

what do green cone cells express?

A

the green cone opsin

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16
Q

what do blue cone cells express?

A

the blue cone opsin

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17
Q

photoreceptors function

A

the sensory neuron responsible for vision. transduces the electromagnetic energy of photons into receptor potentials

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18
Q

how many opsin proteins does each photoreceptor cell contain

A

1

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19
Q

where are photoreceptors located?

A

in the retina

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20
Q

what type of receptors do opsins have?

A

inhibitory metabotropic receptors

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21
Q

what are retinals?

A

small molecules that bind to opsin proteins. absorb the energy of photons

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22
Q

how are retinals made?

A

synthesized from vitamin a

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23
Q

what type of light do retinals interact with

A

depends on the opsin protein that the retinal is bound do

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24
Q

configuration 1 -> 2 of retinal

A

when light hits the retinal molecule, it triggers an intracellular G protein cascade that causes a change in the membrane potential

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25
Q

configuration 2 -> 1 of retinal

A

An enzyme binds to ATP to turn the retinal back into its original configuration that can detect light

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26
Q

visible light

A

electromagnetic energy that has a wavelength from 380-760 nm

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27
Q

how many photoreceptor cells do we use to detect light

A

4 (3 cones & 1 rod)

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28
Q

what type of waves are 400 nm

A

small wavelength gamma rays

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29
Q

what type of waves are 760 nm

A

large wavelength radar/infrared rays

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30
Q

what type of opsin evolved first?

A

red cone opsin

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31
Q

what type of opsin evolved second?

A

blue cone opsin

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32
Q

what type of waves have a rapid alternation between electromagnetic energy

A

small wavelength (gamma)

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33
Q

what type of waves have a slow alternation between electromagnetic energy

A

large wavelength (radar)

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34
Q

what kind of light are blue cone opsins sensitive to?

A

short wavelengths

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35
Q

what kind of light are green cone opsins sensitive to?

A

medium wavelengths

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36
Q

what kind of light are red cone opsins sensitive to?

A

long wavelengths

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37
Q

colour perception is a function of ____

A

the relative rates of activity in the three type of cone cells

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38
Q

the amount any cone will be activated depends on

A

its wavelength of light and its intensity/ amount

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39
Q

if someone is shown three colours at the same time at the same intensity, they will say ___ is brighter and why

A

green because green cone opsins are the most sensitive to light

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40
Q

additive colour and its primary colours

A

creates light by adding light to black. thus, the primary colours are red, green, and blue

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41
Q

subtactive colour and its secondary colours

A

subtracts colour from white light. thus, the primary colours are yellow, cyan, and magenta because each only absorbs one colour from white light

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42
Q

brightness

A

intensity, luminance, amount

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43
Q

saturation

A

purity of the colour (in terms of composite wavelengths)

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44
Q

hue

A

dominant wavelength (colour)

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45
Q

if the brightness of an image is 0%, it will be

A

black

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46
Q

if the saturation of an image is 0%, it will be

A

black and white because you are in the middle of the colour cone where there is no colour

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47
Q

protanopia

A

absence of the red cone opsin, resulting in trouble distinguishing colours in the green-yellow-red section of the spectrum

48
Q

how common is protanopia

A

occurs in 1% of males

49
Q

is visual acuity affected by protanopia

A

Visual acuity is normal because red cone cells get filled with green cone opsin

50
Q

deuteranopia

A

Absence of the green cone opsin resulting in trouble distinguishing colours in the green-yellow-red section of the spectrum

51
Q

how common is deuteranopia

A

occurs in 1% of males

52
Q

is visual acuity affected by deuteranopia?

A

Visual acuity is normal because green cone cells get filled with red cone opsin

53
Q

tritanopia

A

absence of the blue cone opsin

54
Q

is visual acuity affected by tritanopia?

A

it’s not noticeable affected because the blue cone opsin is not that sensitive to light

55
Q

how common is tritanopia?

A

occurs in 1% of the population

56
Q

achromatopsia

A

true colour blindness

57
Q

what causes achromatopsia?

A

Typically caused by mutations in the g protein signalling cascade that is similar in all cone cells

58
Q

conjunctiva

A

mucus membranes that line the eyelid

59
Q

cornea

A

the outer, front layer of the eye that focuses incoming light

60
Q

iris

A

a pigmented ring of muscles that can contract or relax to determine how much light gets into the eye

61
Q

lens

A

consists of several transparent layers.

62
Q

accommodation

A

the process by which the shape of the lens changes to allow the eye to focus

63
Q

pupil

A

the opening in the iris that regulates the amount of light entering the eye

64
Q

sclera

A

opaque and does not permit the entry of light. Six extraocular muscles are attached to the sclera that holds the eye in place and moves it around

65
Q

retina

A

the interior lining of the eye. Contains photoreceptor cells that are classified as rod or cone cells

66
Q

vitreous humour

A

a clear gelatinous fluid that light crosses after passing through the lens

67
Q

fovea

A

the central region of the retina that contains a high density of photoreceptors and thus mediates acute vision. it connects photoreceptors to bipolar and ganglion cells

68
Q

optic nerve

A

where visual information leaves the eye to be processed in the brain. the site of the blind spot

69
Q

foveal vision

A

clear colour vision that is sensitive to detail because the fovea contains cone cells that each connect to a downstream neuron, allowing them to register the exact location of the input

70
Q

peripheral vision

A

vision that is sensitive to dim light and has low spatial resolution. rod cells converge onto multiple downstream neurons, meaning that the precise location and shape of the input are impeded

71
Q

differences between rods and cones

A
  1. Cones are more prevalent in the central retina; rods are more prevalent in the peripheral retina
  2. Cones are found in the fovea; rods aren’t
  3. Cones are sensitive to moderate to high levels of light; rods are sensitive to low levels of light
  4. Cones provide information about hue; rods provide only monochromatic information
  5. Cones provide excellent acuity; cones provide poor acuity
72
Q

photoreceptors that are found in the fovea are

A

cones

73
Q

photoreceptors that are prevalent in the peripheral retina are

A

rods

74
Q

photoreceptors that are prevalent in the central retina are

A

cones

75
Q

photoreceptors that are sensitive to high levels of light are

A

cones

76
Q

photoreceptors that are sensitive to low levels of light are

A

rods

77
Q

photoreceptors that are monochromatic are

A

rods

78
Q

photoreceptors that provide acuity are

A

cones

79
Q

saccadic movements

A

rapid, jerky shifts in your gaze from one point to another

80
Q

pursuit movements

A

allow us to maintain an image of a moving object

81
Q

orbits

A

bony sockets in the front of the skull

82
Q

eyes are suspended…

A

in orbits

83
Q

photoreceptor cells

A

neurons responsible for the transduction of light. They project to bipolar cells

84
Q

bipolar cells

A

neurons that relay information from photoreceptor cells to ganglion cells

85
Q

ganglion cells

A

the only neurons in the retina that send axons out of the eye. They receive information from bipolar cells and project it to the rest of the brain. Their axons give rise to the optic nerve.

86
Q

horizontal cells

A

neurons that interconnect and regulate the excitability of adjacent photoreceptors and bipolar cells

87
Q

amacrine cells

A

neurons that interconnect and regulate the excitability of adjacent bipolar and ganglion cells

88
Q

do photoreceptors have action potentials?

A

no

89
Q

do photoreceptors release glutamate?

A

They release glutamate in a graded fashion dependent on their membrane potential

90
Q

the more depolarized a photoreceptor is, the more

A

glutamate it releases

91
Q

what types of ion channels do photoreceptors express

A

leak sodium channels that are open in the dark (when the cell is at rest)

92
Q

what happens when photoreceptors are in the dark (at rest)

A

Sodium continually enters through these channels which depolarizes the photoreceptor cell membrane to -40 mV. At this depolarized membrane potential, they release glutamate

93
Q

what happens when photoreceptors are in the light?

A

When the retinal portion of the retinal-opsin complex absorbs light, it causes a change in shape in the opsin receptor protein. This launches a g-protein signalling cascade that closes the sodium ion channels. The closing of these channels hyperpolarizes the membrane to -70 mV, stopping the photoreceptor from releasing glutamate

94
Q

do bipolar cells have action potentials?

A

no

95
Q

do bipolar cells release glutamate?

A

Release glutamate in a graded fashion dependent on their membrane potential

96
Q

two types of bipolar cells

A

OFF bipolar cells and ON bipolar cells

97
Q

OFF bipolar cells

A

express excitatory ionotropic glutamate receptors so they are depolarized by glutamate. More active (depolarized) in the dark

98
Q

ON bipolar cells

A

only have inhibitory metabotropic glutamate receptors, so they’re uncommonly inhibited by glutamate. More active (depolarized) in the light

99
Q

do ganglion cells have action potentials?

A

yes

100
Q

ganglion cells and glutamate

A

ganglion cells are excited by glutamate

101
Q

receptive fields

A

The area of visual space where the presence of light influences the firing rate of a neuron

102
Q

identifying the receptive field of a neuron

A

record from the neuron as an animal maintains focus on a central fixation point. Then shine a light in different areas of the visual space and see where a change in the light alters the spiking activity of a neuron

103
Q

simple mutations in the red cone opsin occur in

A

1% of males

104
Q

simple mutations in the green cone opsin occur in

A

6% of males

105
Q

sensation is composed of

A

detection and transduction

106
Q

perception is composed of

A

experience and sensory interpretation

107
Q

photoreceptors release more glutamate ____

A

in the dark

108
Q

retinal

A

the molecule that absorbs photon energy

109
Q

why are opsins sensitive to light?

A

from binding to retinal

110
Q

what types of visual agnosia are more common in males?

A

Protanopia and Deuteranopia

111
Q

why are Protanopia and Deuteranopia more common in males?

A

they’re x-linked

112
Q

the fovea only contains

A

cone cells

113
Q

OFF bipolar cells in the dark

A

sodium channels are open so they’re depolarized and release more glutamate

114
Q

OFF bipolar cells in the light

A

sodium channels are closed so they’re hyperpolarized & release less glutamate

115
Q

ON bipolar cells in the dark

A

they’re hyperpolarized & release less glutamate

116
Q

ON bipolar cells in the light

A

they’re depolarized & release more glutamate

117
Q

what type of receptors do ganglion cells have?

A

on-off receptor fields for light and colour

PSYC 211 (23 decks)

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