Lecture 14: Emotions

Question 1

emotions

Answer 1

our capacity to conceptualize, categorize, label, interpret, and introspect about our outer and inner worlds

Question 2

Stimulating GABA neurons in the medial amygdala at low frequencies

Answer 2

produce sexual behaviour

Question 3

Stimulating GABA neurons in the medial amygdala at high frequencies

Answer 3

creates aggressive behaviour

Question 4

Stimulating glutamate neurons in the medial amygdala at low frequencies

Answer 4

results in reduced social interaction and self-grooming

Question 5

Stimulating glutamate neurons in the medial amygdala at high frequencies

Answer 5

results in reduced social interaction and self-grooming

Question 6

emotions are broadcasted via

Answer 6

postural changes, facial expressions, and nonverbal sounds

Question 7

facial expressions when people are alone

Answer 7

are minimal

Question 8

6 classes of facial expressions

Answer 8

fear, anger, surprise, disgust, sadness, hapiness

Question 9

recognition of emotions through facial expressions

Answer 9

is fairly automatic, rapid, and accurate

Question 10

what happens when people are given more time to think about the emotion conveyed by an expression?

Answer 10

they show very little improvement

Question 11

function of emotional expressions

Answer 11

social

Question 12

t or f: The ability to detect emotions transcends cultural and linguistic barriers

Answer 12

true

Question 13

how many emotional blends are there

Answer 13

~25

Question 14

blind vs. non-blind peoples’ facial expressions

Answer 14

they’re the same

Question 15

two streams of processing emotion

Answer 15

thought & feeling

Question 16

Stream of thought

Answer 16

cognitive understanding of the idea of an emotion. processed in the neocortex

Question 17

Stream of feeling

Answer 17

reflexive, natural response to stimuli. processed in the limbic system

Question 18

t or f: Genuine smiles involve different facial muscles than artificial smiles

Answer 18

true

Question 19

volitional facial paresis

Answer 19

A condition where people are unable to voluntarily control their facial muscles, but they can express genuine emotion with the same muscles

Question 20

volitional facial paresis cause

Answer 20

damage to the face region of the primary motor cortex or its subcortical connections

Question 21

Emotional Facial Paresis

Answer 21

A condition where people can voluntarily control their facial muscles, but can’t express genuine emotion with the same muscles

Question 22

Emotional Facial Paresis cause

Answer 22

damage around the insular cortex or parts of the thalamus

Question 23

behavioural responses

Answer 23

consist of muscular movements (facial expressions, body language, choreographed movements)

Question 24

autonomic responses

Answer 24

facilitates fight or flight behaviours and provides quick mobilization of energy for vigorous movement

Question 25

how are autonomic responses signalled

Answer 25

through the PNS

Question 26

hormonal responses

Answer 26

reinforce the autonomic response

Question 27

how are hormonal responses signalled?

Answer 27

throuhg the blood

Question 28

common sense theory of emotion

Answer 28

1. Perception of the emotion-eliciting event 2. Emotion occurs 3. Behavioural and physiological responses

Question 29

james-lange theory of emotion

Answer 29

1. Perception of emotion-eliciting event 2. Behavioural and physiological responses are triggered 3. Emotion occurs

Question 30

how was the james-lange theory of emotion developed?

Answer 30

Was based on studies of people with spinal cord injuries in the late 1800s People with spinal cord damage reported less intense emotional feelings The reduction in emotional experiences correlated with how much sensation the people had lost (how paralyzed people were)

Question 31

result of interfering with muscular movement associated with a particular emotion

Answer 31

slightly decreases people's ability to experience that emotion (ex. injecting beta-2 blockers)

Question 32

the cingulate cortex

Answer 32

the large area that overlies the corpus callosum

Question 33

hippocampus

Answer 33

critical for explicit memory formation

Question 34

amygdala

Answer 34

critical for feeling and recognizing emotions

Question 35

central nucleus of the amygdala

Answer 35

regulates emotional responses, particularly fear responses by sending information to various brain structures. It is also important for recognizing emotions in others

Question 36

lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala

Answer 36

eliminate innate and conditioned fear responses

Question 37

what fear is heightened in people with bilateral amygdala damage?

Answer 37

fear of suffocation

Question 38

stimulation of the central nucleus results in

Answer 38

fear, anxiety, and irritation

Question 39

emotion perception for people with damage to the primary visual cortex or visual association cortex

Answer 39

may have no conscious awareness of looking a someone's face, but they still show amygdala activity in response to viewing faces and often mimic the facial expression

Question 40

emotional perception for people with a bilateral amygdalectomy

Answer 40

don’t experience fear & can't identify it but can generate artificial expressions of it

Question 41

what is the main way that people detect emotional states

Answer 41

examining people's eyes and mouths

Question 42

what other brain areas are involved in detecting emotions

Answer 42

the somatosensory cortex, insular cortex, premotor cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex are also activated when perceiving emotions

Question 43

right cerebral hemisphere is responsible for what part of emotional perception?

Answer 43

recognizing emotions in others

Question 44

mirror neurons

Answer 44

Neurons that are activated similarly when an animal performs a particular behaviour or when it sees another animal performing that behaviour

Question 45

where are mirror neurons found

Answer 45

Found in many brain areas: somatosensory cortex, insular cortex, premotor cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex

Question 46

how are most human fears acquired?

Answer 46

socially

Question 47

what processes are mirror neurons involved in?

Answer 47

mimicry and empathy

Question 48

what part of emotional perception is the somatosensory cortex involved in?

Answer 48

encodes representations of what emotions feel like

Question 49

where is word comprehension processed?

Answer 49

left cerebral hemisphere

Question 50

what brain area is responsible for inferring emotions based on the tone of someone's voice?

Answer 50

right cerebral hemisphere

Question 51

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (vmPFC) function

Answer 51

inhibition of emotional expression

Question 52

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (vmPFC) location

Answer 52

region of the prefrontal cortex at the base of the anterior frontal lobes, adjacent to the midline

Question 53

what happens when conditioned fear responses are extinguished?

Answer 53

vmPFC connections to the amygdala are strengthened

Question 54

lesioning the vmPFCF

Answer 54

selectively disrupts extinction learning

Question 55

damage to the vmPFC is associated with

Answer 55

impulsive violence

Question 56

what happens to people with damage to the PFC?

Answer 56

become childish, irresponsible, and thoughtless

Question 57

seotonergic neurons

Answer 57

play an inhibitory role in human aggression

Question 58

result of drugs that increase serotonin on aggression

Answer 58

decrease aggression

Question 59

t or f: the amygdala is involved in word comprehension and inferring emotions

Answer 59

false; it's the left cerebral cortex and right cerebral cortex respectively

Question 60

can people with bilateral amygdala damage perceive emotions?

Answer 60

not usually because they don't look at people's eyes. but if they are reminded to look at eyes every time, then they can

Question 61

effect of vmPFC damage on cognitive abilities

Answer 61

no effect

Question 62

impulse control and serotonin

Answer 62

there is a small correlation between risky behaviour, impulsive aggression and low serotonin levels

Question 63

rhesus monkeys experiment

Answer 63

The serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid of rhesus monkeys which was tracked over 4 years. Those with the lowest levels were risk takers

Question 64

why doesn't perceiving emotions come naturally to some people?

Answer 64

because they aren't drawn to look at people in the eyes

Question 65

what theory of emotion is favoured?

Answer 65

the common sense theory

Question 66

the limbic system

Answer 66

Group of brain structures involved in feeling, perceiving, and regulating emotions