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PSYC 211 > Lecture 14: Emotions > Flashcards

Lecture 14: Emotions Flashcards

1
Q

emotions

A

our capacity to conceptualize, categorize, label, interpret, and introspect about our outer and inner worlds

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2
Q

Stimulating GABA neurons in the medial amygdala at low frequencies

A

produce sexual behaviour

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3
Q

Stimulating GABA neurons in the medial amygdala at high frequencies

A

creates aggressive behaviour

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4
Q

Stimulating glutamate neurons in the medial amygdala at low frequencies

A

results in reduced social interaction and self-grooming

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5
Q

Stimulating glutamate neurons in the medial amygdala at high frequencies

A

results in reduced social interaction and self-grooming

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6
Q

emotions are broadcasted via

A

postural changes, facial expressions, and nonverbal sounds

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7
Q

facial expressions when people are alone

A

are minimal

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8
Q

6 classes of facial expressions

A

fear, anger, surprise, disgust, sadness, hapiness

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9
Q

recognition of emotions through facial expressions

A

is fairly automatic, rapid, and accurate

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10
Q

what happens when people are given more time to think about the emotion conveyed by an expression?

A

they show very little improvement

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11
Q

function of emotional expressions

A

social

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12
Q

t or f: The ability to detect emotions transcends cultural and linguistic barriers

A

true

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13
Q

how many emotional blends are there

A

~25

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14
Q

blind vs. non-blind peoples’ facial expressions

A

they’re the same

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15
Q

two streams of processing emotion

A

thought & feeling

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16
Q

Stream of thought

A

cognitive understanding of the idea of an emotion. processed in the neocortex

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17
Q

Stream of feeling

A

reflexive, natural response to stimuli. processed in the limbic system

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18
Q

t or f: Genuine smiles involve different facial muscles than artificial smiles

A

true

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19
Q

volitional facial paresis

A

A condition where people are unable to voluntarily control their facial muscles, but they can express genuine emotion with the same muscles

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20
Q

volitional facial paresis cause

A

damage to the face region of the primary motor cortex or its subcortical connections

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21
Q

Emotional Facial Paresis

A

A condition where people can voluntarily control their facial muscles, but can’t express genuine emotion with the same muscles

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22
Q

Emotional Facial Paresis cause

A

damage around the insular cortex or parts of the thalamus

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23
Q

behavioural responses

A

consist of muscular movements (facial expressions, body language, choreographed movements)

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24
Q

autonomic responses

A

facilitates fight or flight behaviours and provides quick mobilization of energy for vigorous movement

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25
Q

how are autonomic responses signalled

A

through the PNS

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26
Q

hormonal responses

A

reinforce the autonomic response

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27
Q

how are hormonal responses signalled?

A

throuhg the blood

28
Q

common sense theory of emotion

A
  1. Perception of the emotion-eliciting event
  2. Emotion occurs
  3. Behavioural and physiological responses
29
Q

james-lange theory of emotion

A
  1. Perception of emotion-eliciting event
  2. Behavioural and physiological responses are triggered
  3. Emotion occurs
30
Q

how was the james-lange theory of emotion developed?

A

Was based on studies of people with spinal cord injuries in the late 1800s
People with spinal cord damage reported less intense emotional feelings
The reduction in emotional experiences correlated with how much sensation the people had lost (how paralyzed people were)

31
Q

result of interfering with muscular movement associated with a particular emotion

A

slightly decreases people’s ability to experience that emotion (ex. injecting beta-2 blockers)

32
Q

the cingulate cortex

A

the large area that overlies the corpus callosum

33
Q

hippocampus

A

critical for explicit memory formation

34
Q

amygdala

A

critical for feeling and recognizing emotions

35
Q

central nucleus of the amygdala

A

regulates emotional responses, particularly fear responses by sending information to various brain structures. It is also important for recognizing emotions in others

36
Q

lesions of the central nucleus of the amygdala

A

eliminate innate and conditioned fear responses

37
Q

what fear is heightened in people with bilateral amygdala damage?

A

fear of suffocation

38
Q

stimulation of the central nucleus results in

A

fear, anxiety, and irritation

39
Q

emotion perception for people with damage to the primary visual cortex or visual association cortex

A

may have no conscious awareness of looking a someone’s face, but they still show amygdala activity in response to viewing faces and often mimic the facial expression

40
Q

emotional perception for people with a bilateral amygdalectomy

A

don’t experience fear & can’t identify it but can generate artificial expressions of it

41
Q

what is the main way that people detect emotional states

A

examining people’s eyes and mouths

42
Q

what other brain areas are involved in detecting emotions

A

the somatosensory cortex, insular cortex, premotor cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex are also activated when perceiving emotions

43
Q

right cerebral hemisphere is responsible for what part of emotional perception?

A

recognizing emotions in others

44
Q

mirror neurons

A

Neurons that are activated similarly when an animal performs a particular behaviour or when it sees another animal performing that behaviour

45
Q

where are mirror neurons found

A

Found in many brain areas: somatosensory cortex, insular cortex, premotor cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex

46
Q

how are most human fears acquired?

A

socially

47
Q

what processes are mirror neurons involved in?

A

mimicry and empathy

48
Q

what part of emotional perception is the somatosensory cortex involved in?

A

encodes representations of what emotions feel like

49
Q

where is word comprehension processed?

A

left cerebral hemisphere

50
Q

what brain area is responsible for inferring emotions based on the tone of someone’s voice?

A

right cerebral hemisphere

51
Q

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (vmPFC) function

A

inhibition of emotional expression

52
Q

Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (vmPFC) location

A

region of the prefrontal cortex at the base of the anterior frontal lobes, adjacent to the midline

53
Q

what happens when conditioned fear responses are extinguished?

A

vmPFC connections to the amygdala are strengthened

54
Q

lesioning the vmPFCF

A

selectively disrupts extinction learning

55
Q

damage to the vmPFC is associated with

A

impulsive violence

56
Q

what happens to people with damage to the PFC?

A

become childish, irresponsible, and thoughtless

57
Q

seotonergic neurons

A

play an inhibitory role in human aggression

58
Q

result of drugs that increase serotonin on aggression

A

decrease aggression

59
Q

t or f: the amygdala is involved in word comprehension and inferring emotions

A

false; it’s the left cerebral cortex and right cerebral cortex respectively

60
Q

can people with bilateral amygdala damage perceive emotions?

A

not usually because they don’t look at people’s eyes. but if they are reminded to look at eyes every time, then they can

61
Q

effect of vmPFC damage on cognitive abilities

A

no effect

62
Q

impulse control and serotonin

A

there is a small correlation between risky behaviour, impulsive aggression and low serotonin levels

63
Q

rhesus monkeys experiment

A

The serotonin metabolite 5-HIAA was measured in the cerebrospinal fluid of rhesus monkeys which was tracked over 4 years. Those with the lowest levels were risk takers

64
Q

why doesn’t perceiving emotions come naturally to some people?

A

because they aren’t drawn to look at people in the eyes

65
Q

what theory of emotion is favoured?

A

the common sense theory

66
Q

the limbic system

A

Group of brain structures involved in feeling, perceiving, and regulating emotions

PSYC 211 (23 decks)

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