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PSYC 211 > Lecture 18: Language > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Language Flashcards

1
Q

what causes most language disturbances?

A

damage to the left side of the brain

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2
Q

which brain hemisphere is dominant for speech?

A

left

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3
Q

is right hemisphere speech dominance possible?

A

yes! it’s seen in 4% of right-handed people and 27% of left-handed people

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4
Q

prosody

A

Includes rhythm, emphasis, and tone of human speech

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5
Q

what hemisphere is responsible for prosody?

A

right

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6
Q

what controls the recognition of people’s voices?

A

right hemisphere

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7
Q

Phonagnosia

A

a disorder where people have difficulty recognizing voices and become literal in their interpretation of language

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8
Q

cause of phonagnosia

A

localized brain damage to the right superior temporal cortex

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9
Q

what part of the brain is needed for the comprehension of metaphors?

A

the right superior temporal cortex

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10
Q

aphasia

A

A disturbance in understanding, repeating, or producing meaningful speech

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11
Q

what happens when there is damage to the frontal lobe

A

deficits in speaking

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12
Q

what happens when there is damage to the sensory association cortex?

A

deficits in understanding language

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13
Q

Premotor cortex

A

located in the frontal lobe. responsible for motor comprehension

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14
Q

auditory association cortex

A

located in the temporal lobe. responsible for auditory comprenhension

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15
Q

visual association cortex

A

located in the occipital lobe. responsible for visual comprehension.

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16
Q

somatosensory association cortex

A

located in the parietal lobe. responsible for touch comprehension

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17
Q

broca’s area

A

located in the frontal lobe. responsible for speaking

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18
Q

posterior language area

A

critical for language comprehension

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19
Q

how do neurons in the posterior language cortex result in language comprehension?

A

Neurons here activate the ensemble of neurons throughout sensory association cortices that store the representations (the meanings) of specific words.

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20
Q

where is the posterior language area located?

A

at the junction of the temporal, occipital, and parietal lobes around the posterior end of the lateral fissure

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21
Q

types of frontal lobe damage aphasias

A

anterior, motor, expressive, broca’s, and non-fluent aphasia

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22
Q

types of sensory association cortex damage aphasias

A

posterior, sensory, receptive, Wernicke’s and fluent aphasia

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23
Q

transcortical sensory aphasia

A

Failure to comprehend the meaning of words and an inability to express thoughts with meaningful speech

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24
Q

what causes transcortical sensory aphasia?

A

damage to the posterior language area (back of the brain)

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25
Q

all language perception areas connect to what brain area

A

the posterior language area & Bronca’s area

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26
Q

conduction aphasia

A

Characterized by an inability to repeat the exact words you hear

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27
Q

what causes conduction aphasia?

A

Result of damage to the connection between Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area known as the arcuate fasciculus

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28
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

A direct connection between Wernicke’s area and Broca’s area enables patients with transcortical sensory aphasia to repeat words they cannot understand

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29
Q

Wernicke’s area function

A

Involved in the analysis of speech sounds and in the recognition of spoken words

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30
Q

Wernicke’s area location

A

Region of the auditory association cortex (superior temporal gyrus) on the left temporal lobe

31
Q

pure word deafness

A

An inability to comprehend or repeat spoken words

32
Q

pure word deafness cause

A

damage to a small part of Wernicke’s area

33
Q

wernicke’s aphasia

A

features of transcortical sensory aphasia and pure word deafness. People have poor language comprehension and what they say is meaningless and typically filled with function words

34
Q

are people with wenicke’s aphasia aware of their condition?

A

no, they are unaware

35
Q

difference b/n transcortical sensory aphasia an wernicke’s aphasia

A

Patients with transcortical sensory aphasia can repeat what other people say to them & recognize spoken words, but patients with Wernicke’s aphasia have trouble with learning comprehension and are generally not capable of repeating what other people say to them

36
Q

visual word form area function

A

Responsible for written word perception

37
Q

visual form area location

A

the fusiform gyrus of the left hemisphere

38
Q

where is face perception dominant

A

in the right hemisphere fusiform gyrus

39
Q

pure alexia

A

Inability to perceive written words

40
Q

pure alexia cause

A

damage to the visual word-form area (VMFRA)

41
Q

can people with pure alexia write?

A

yes, they just can’t read what they’ve written

42
Q

dyslexia

A

difficulty reading

43
Q

reading

A

involves at least two different processes: direct recognition of the word as a whole and sounding it out letter by letter

44
Q

whole-word reading

A

reading by recognizing a word as a whole (sight reading)

45
Q

steps of whole-word reading

A

The sight of word -> whole-word recognition -> control of speech

46
Q

phonetic reading

A

reading by decoding the phonetic significance of letter strings (sound reading)

47
Q

steps of phonetic reading

A

The sight of word -> letter recognition -> phonetic coding -> control of speech

48
Q

surface dyslexia

A

an inability to recognize whole words. The person can only read words phonetically

49
Q

phonological dyslexia

A

reading disorder in which the person can read familiar words but has difficulty reading unfamiliar words or nonwords

50
Q

developmental dyslexia

A

a largely genetic form of phonological dyslexia where people have great difficulty learning to read and some never become fluent readers even though they are otherwise intelligent

51
Q

direct dyslexia

A

can read out loud without understanding what they’re reading

52
Q

direct dyslexia cause

A

a stroke in the back half of the brain

53
Q

broca’s aphasia

A

Characterized by slow, laborious, and nonfluent speech

54
Q

broca’s aphasia cause

A

Results from damage to Broca’s area in the left inferior frontal lobe

55
Q

are people with broca’s aphasia aware of their condition?

A

yes, they are aware of it and frustrated by it

56
Q

what type of words do people with broca’s aphasia mainly use?

A

content words

57
Q

three main issue associated with broca’s aphasia

A

articulation problems. agrammatism, and anomia

58
Q

articulation problems

A

Movement of tongue, lips, jaw, and other speech organs to make speech sounds.

59
Q

agrammatism

A

Difficulty comprehending or using grammatical devices, such as verb endings

60
Q

anomia

A

Difficulty in finding (remembering) the appropriate word to describe an object, action, or attribute

61
Q

content word

A

Noun, verb, adjective, or adverb that conveys meaning.

62
Q

function word

A

Preposition, article, or another word that conveys little meaning but is important for the grammatical structure of a sentence

63
Q

anomic aphasia

A

Characterized by having a hard time thinking of the word they want to say. They can understand what other people say just fine, but describe things using circumlocution

64
Q

circumlocution

A

A strategy by which people with anomia find alternative ways to say something when they are unable to think of the most appropriate word

65
Q

fluency comprehension & repetition of global aphasia

A

patient isn’t fluent, can’t comprehend, and can’t repeat

66
Q

fluency comprehension & repetition of Broca’s aphasia

A

patient isn’t fluent, can comprehend, but can’t repeat

67
Q

fluency comprehension & repetition of Wernicke’s aphasia

A

patient is fluent, can’t comprehend, can’t repeat

68
Q

fluency comprehension & repetition of conduction aphasia

A

patient is fluent, can comprehend, but can’t repeat

69
Q

fluency comprehension & repetition of anomic aphasia

A

patient is fluent, can comprehend, and can repeat

70
Q

what happens if pure alexia patients only have damage to the left primary visual cortex

A

they are right visual field blind, can’t see anything to the right of the fixation point, but can read

71
Q

what happens if pure alexia patients have additional damage to the corpus callosum?

A

they are right visual field blind, can’t see anything to the right of the fixation point, but can’t read

72
Q

acquired dyslexia

A

caused by damage to the brains of people who already know how to read

73
Q

fluency comprehension & repetition of transcortical sensory aphasia

A

is fluent, can’t comprehend, can repeat

PSYC 211 (23 decks)

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