Lecture 5: Brain Anatomy l Flashcards
1
Q
anterior
A
in front
2
Q
posterior
A
behind
3
Q
superior
A
above
4
Q
inferior
A
below
5
Q
rostral
A
towards the beak
6
Q
caudal
A
towards the tail
7
Q
dorsal
A
towards the back
8
Q
ventral
A
towards the belly
9
Q
neuraxis
A
an imaginary line that runs along the length of the CNS
10
Q
lateral
A
away from the midline
11
Q
medial
A
towards the midline
12
Q
sagittal plane
A
cuts the brain in half between the eyes
13
Q
horizontal plane
A
cuts the brain into its superior and inferior portions
14
Q
transverse plane
A
cuts the brain into its front and back portions
15
Q
contralateral
A
structures on opposite sides of the body
16
Q
ipsilateral
A
structures on the same side of the body
17
Q
what systems are ipsilateral
A
taste and smell
18
Q
what sensory systems are contralateral
A
everything except taste and smell
19
Q
superficial
A
located close to the surface
20
Q
deep
A
located far away from the surface, deep in the interior of the animal
21
Q
proximal
A
nearby
22
Q
distal
A
far away
23
Q
brain nuclei
A
a collection of neurons that are clustered together and all work together to serve some functions
24
Q
blood-brain barrier
A
a semipermeable barrier between the blood and brain. the blood capillaries that pass through the brain and spinal cord do not have gaps in them.
25
what would happen if blue dye was injected into an animal's bloodstream?
all tissues except the brain and spinal cord will be tinted blue
26
how does the brain generate extracellular fluid in the CNS?
the brain generates extracellular fluid by picking out what it needs from the blood and making a solution called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
27
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
extracellular fluid in the CNS made from choroid plexus (a tissue found in each brain ventricle)
28
how is extracellular fluid generated in the PNS?
the lymphatic system
29
the lymphatic system
produces extracellular fluid in the PNS. blood vessels have small holes that leak out plasma. the plasma then becomes lymph which is the extracellular fluid. it floats around to cells providing nutrients and collecting waste. then, lymph is collected in lymph vessels and brought into lymph nodes which detect and destroy any invading organisms or foreign particles and then they return the lymph to the blood to start the process again.
30
meninges
the 3 tough, protective tissues that surround the brain
31
dura matter
outer layer of thick tough and unstretchable tissue
32
arachnoid matter
the middle layer of soft and spongy tissue with a web-like appearance
33
pia matter
inner layer
34
subarachnoid space
the area between the arachnoid mater and the pia matter. filled with CSF
35
what are ventricles
interconnected hollow spaces in the brain
36
how many ventricles are there
4
37
1st and 2nd lateral ventricles
large ventricles that sit underneath the cerebrum
38
3rd ventricle
lies between the two thalamic nuclei
39
4th ventricle
sits between the pons and the cerebellum
40
cerebral aqueduct
a long, tube-like structure that connects the third and fourth ventricles
41
where is CSF found
in the ventricles and flows throughout the brain and spinal cord before it is absorbed into the blood supply
42
when is CSF made
continuously
43
how often is CSF replaced?
half replaced every 3 hours
44
main parts of the nervous system
CNS & PNS
45
central nervous system (CNS)
everything in the brain and spinal cord
46
types of neurons in the CNS
interneurons and projection neurons
47
how is the myelin in the CNS created
oligodendrocytes
48
interneurons
CNS neurons whose axons stay local (only make synapses on nearby neurons)
49
projection neurons
CNS neurons whose axons go outside the area where the soma is located
50
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
any part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord
51
how is the myelin in the PNS created
Schwann cells
52
types of neurons in the PNS
motor neurons and sensory neurons
53
motor neurons
control muscle contraction and gland secretion and send information away from the CNS
54
sensory neurons
detect changes in the external and internal environment and send information to the CNS
55
spinal nerves
attach to the spinal cord to allow it to communicate with the rest of the body
56
cranial nerves
attach to the brain to allow it to communicate with the rest of the body
57
how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?
31
58
how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?
12
59
the function of the spinal cord
distribute motor fibres to the effector organs of the body and collect somatosensory information to be passed on to the brain
60
t or f: the spinal cord has autonomy from the brain
true, various reflexive control circuits are located there
61
2 main components of the PNS
somatic and autonomic nervous systems
62
somatic nervous system
interacts with the external environment
63
autonomic nervous system
regulates the body's internal environment
64
somatic afferent signalling
carries sensory signals to the CNS
65
somatic efferent signalling
carries motor signals from the CNS to skeletal muscles
66
autonomic afferent signalling
carries sensory signals from internal organs to the CNS
67
autonomic efferent signalling
carries motor signals from the CNS to internal organs
68
2 parts of the autonomic nervous system
sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
69
sympathetic division
primes the body for action, particularly in life-threatening situations (fight or fight)
70
parasympathetic division
supports activities that occur when the body is in a relaxed state and all is well "rest and digest"
71
3 major divisions of the brain
forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain
72
hindbrain
includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum
73
medulla
regulates different autonomous (involuntary) functions such as heart rate, blood flow, and sneezing. the blood-brain barrier is noticeably weaker here
74
pons
large bulge connected that relays information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. contains cranial nerve nuclei which participate in hearing, balance, taste, and sensations in the face.
75
cerebellum (little brain)
plays an important role in motor control. doesn't initiate movement but contributes to coordination, precision, and accurate timing
76
what ventricle is the pons found in
4th
77
what ventricle is the cerebellum found in
4th
78
the glymphatic system
in the CNS the brain generates CSF by picking out what it needs from the blood
79
chloroid plexus
tissue in all ventricles. site of CSF production
80
site of CSF fluid production
choroid plexus
81
lymphatic system is used in the
PNS
82
glymphatic system is used in the
CNS
83
affrent signalling
signals being sent in
84
efferent signallign
signals being sent out
