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PSYC 211 > Lecture 5: Brain Anatomy l > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Brain Anatomy l Flashcards

1
Q

anterior

A

in front

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2
Q

posterior

A

behind

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3
Q

superior

A

above

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4
Q

inferior

A

below

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5
Q

rostral

A

towards the beak

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6
Q

caudal

A

towards the tail

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7
Q

dorsal

A

towards the back

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8
Q

ventral

A

towards the belly

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9
Q

neuraxis

A

an imaginary line that runs along the length of the CNS

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10
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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11
Q

medial

A

towards the midline

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12
Q

sagittal plane

A

cuts the brain in half between the eyes

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13
Q

horizontal plane

A

cuts the brain into its superior and inferior portions

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14
Q

transverse plane

A

cuts the brain into its front and back portions

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15
Q

contralateral

A

structures on opposite sides of the body

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16
Q

ipsilateral

A

structures on the same side of the body

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17
Q

what systems are ipsilateral

A

taste and smell

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18
Q

what sensory systems are contralateral

A

everything except taste and smell

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19
Q

superficial

A

located close to the surface

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20
Q

deep

A

located far away from the surface, deep in the interior of the animal

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21
Q

proximal

A

nearby

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22
Q

distal

A

far away

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23
Q

brain nuclei

A

a collection of neurons that are clustered together and all work together to serve some functions

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24
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

a semipermeable barrier between the blood and brain. the blood capillaries that pass through the brain and spinal cord do not have gaps in them.

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25
Q

what would happen if blue dye was injected into an animal’s bloodstream?

A

all tissues except the brain and spinal cord will be tinted blue

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26
Q

how does the brain generate extracellular fluid in the CNS?

A

the brain generates extracellular fluid by picking out what it needs from the blood and making a solution called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

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27
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

extracellular fluid in the CNS made from choroid plexus (a tissue found in each brain ventricle)

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28
Q

how is extracellular fluid generated in the PNS?

A

the lymphatic system

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29
Q

the lymphatic system

A

produces extracellular fluid in the PNS. blood vessels have small holes that leak out plasma. the plasma then becomes lymph which is the extracellular fluid. it floats around to cells providing nutrients and collecting waste. then, lymph is collected in lymph vessels and brought into lymph nodes which detect and destroy any invading organisms or foreign particles and then they return the lymph to the blood to start the process again.

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30
Q

meninges

A

the 3 tough, protective tissues that surround the brain

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31
Q

dura matter

A

outer layer of thick tough and unstretchable tissue

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32
Q

arachnoid matter

A

the middle layer of soft and spongy tissue with a web-like appearance

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33
Q

pia matter

A

inner layer

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34
Q

subarachnoid space

A

the area between the arachnoid mater and the pia matter. filled with CSF

35
Q

what are ventricles

A

interconnected hollow spaces in the brain

36
Q

how many ventricles are there

A

4

37
Q

1st and 2nd lateral ventricles

A

large ventricles that sit underneath the cerebrum

38
Q

3rd ventricle

A

lies between the two thalamic nuclei

39
Q

4th ventricle

A

sits between the pons and the cerebellum

40
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

a long, tube-like structure that connects the third and fourth ventricles

41
Q

where is CSF found

A

in the ventricles and flows throughout the brain and spinal cord before it is absorbed into the blood supply

42
Q

when is CSF made

A

continuously

43
Q

how often is CSF replaced?

A

half replaced every 3 hours

44
Q

main parts of the nervous system

A

CNS & PNS

45
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

everything in the brain and spinal cord

46
Q

types of neurons in the CNS

A

interneurons and projection neurons

47
Q

how is the myelin in the CNS created

A

oligodendrocytes

48
Q

interneurons

A

CNS neurons whose axons stay local (only make synapses on nearby neurons)

49
Q

projection neurons

A

CNS neurons whose axons go outside the area where the soma is located

50
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

any part of the nervous system outside the brain and spinal cord

51
Q

how is the myelin in the PNS created

A

Schwann cells

52
Q

types of neurons in the PNS

A

motor neurons and sensory neurons

53
Q

motor neurons

A

control muscle contraction and gland secretion and send information away from the CNS

54
Q

sensory neurons

A

detect changes in the external and internal environment and send information to the CNS

55
Q

spinal nerves

A

attach to the spinal cord to allow it to communicate with the rest of the body

56
Q

cranial nerves

A

attach to the brain to allow it to communicate with the rest of the body

57
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

58
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there?

A

12

59
Q

the function of the spinal cord

A

distribute motor fibres to the effector organs of the body and collect somatosensory information to be passed on to the brain

60
Q

t or f: the spinal cord has autonomy from the brain

A

true, various reflexive control circuits are located there

61
Q

2 main components of the PNS

A

somatic and autonomic nervous systems

62
Q

somatic nervous system

A

interacts with the external environment

63
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

regulates the body’s internal environment

64
Q

somatic afferent signalling

A

carries sensory signals to the CNS

65
Q

somatic efferent signalling

A

carries motor signals from the CNS to skeletal muscles

66
Q

autonomic afferent signalling

A

carries sensory signals from internal organs to the CNS

67
Q

autonomic efferent signalling

A

carries motor signals from the CNS to internal organs

68
Q

2 parts of the autonomic nervous system

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

69
Q

sympathetic division

A

primes the body for action, particularly in life-threatening situations (fight or fight)

70
Q

parasympathetic division

A

supports activities that occur when the body is in a relaxed state and all is well “rest and digest”

71
Q

3 major divisions of the brain

A

forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

72
Q

hindbrain

A

includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum

73
Q

medulla

A

regulates different autonomous (involuntary) functions such as heart rate, blood flow, and sneezing. the blood-brain barrier is noticeably weaker here

74
Q

pons

A

large bulge connected that relays information between the cerebrum and the cerebellum. contains cranial nerve nuclei which participate in hearing, balance, taste, and sensations in the face.

75
Q

cerebellum (little brain)

A

plays an important role in motor control. doesn’t initiate movement but contributes to coordination, precision, and accurate timing

76
Q

what ventricle is the pons found in

A

4th

77
Q

what ventricle is the cerebellum found in

A

4th

78
Q

the glymphatic system

A

in the CNS the brain generates CSF by picking out what it needs from the blood

79
Q

chloroid plexus

A

tissue in all ventricles. site of CSF production

80
Q

site of CSF fluid production

A

choroid plexus

81
Q

lymphatic system is used in the

A

PNS

82
Q

glymphatic system is used in the

A

CNS

83
Q

affrent signalling

A

signals being sent in

84
Q

efferent signallign

A

signals being sent out

PSYC 211 (23 decks)

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