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PSYC 211 > Lecture 23: Psychological Disorders lll > Flashcards

Lecture 23: Psychological Disorders lll Flashcards

1
Q

ocd is characterized by

A

obsessions and compulsions

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2
Q

Obsessions

A

repeatedly having certain thoughts

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3
Q

Compulsions

A

a need to repeatedly check things or repeatedly perform certain routines to an extent that it causes distress & impairs general functioning

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4
Q

4 groups of ocd symptoms

A

Symmetry, cleaning, hoarding, forbidden thoughts

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5
Q

prevalence of ocd

A

affects ~1% of the population

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6
Q

prevalence in ocd in men vs. women

A

Slightly more prevalent in women. Diagnosis is typically earlier in men: occurs in adulthood for women but in adolescence for men

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7
Q

when do ocd symptoms typically start?

A

before age 25 in both sexes

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8
Q

do adults with ocd understand that their behaviours are abnormal?

A

Most adults with OCD realize that their behaviours don’t make sense but feel the need to act as though they do

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9
Q

causes of ocd are

A

genetic and environmental

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10
Q

what % variability do gene variations account for in ocd

A

50% of the variability

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11
Q

ocd is associated with damage to ____

A

the loop in the frontal lobe between the PFC and the basal ganglia

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12
Q

treatment for ocd

A

a version of CBT called exposure and response prevention

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13
Q

exposure and response prevention

A

Involves increasing exposure to what causes the problems while not allowing the repetitive behaviour to occur

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14
Q

do pharmacological approaches work for ocd?

A

sometimes ssris are used, but usually exposure and response prevention is better

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15
Q

ocd can appear after damage to what brain regions

A

the basal ganglia, cingulate gyrus, or PFC

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16
Q

ocd is associated with increased activity in what brain region

A

the frontal lobes and striatum

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17
Q

cingulotomy

A

the cutting of a fibre bundle between the PFC and the anterior cingulate cortex

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18
Q

cingulotomy is used for what condition

A

ocd

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19
Q

adhd

A

A mental disorder characterized by problems paying attention, hyperactivity, or difficulty controlling behaviour in an age-appropriate manner

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20
Q

what % of North American children are being treated for adhd

A

More than 5%

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21
Q

when do adhd symptoms appear?

A

before age 12

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22
Q

symptoms of adhd

A

Reckless and impetuous behaviour
Acting without reflecting
Being distracted by interfering activities while performing an ongoing task
Difficulty withholding a response

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23
Q

adhd in boys vs girls

A

Boys are diagnosed 3x more than girls

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24
Q

comorbidity of adhd

A

Often associated with aggression, conduct disorder, learning disabilities, depression, anxiety, and low self-esteem

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25
Q

estimated heritability for adhd

A

ranges from 75-91%

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26
Q

both ocd & adhd are associated with

A

previous infections or brain trauma

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27
Q

what prenatal factors are associated with adhd

A

Drug and alcohol use and infections during pregnancy, and low birth weight,

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28
Q

treatment of adhd

A

Typically involves counselling and medications

29
Q

what medication is used for adhd & how do they work

A

stimulants that raise dopamine levels by blocking or reversing the dopamine reuptake transporter. Raising the average dopamine levels in the brain increases the value of the current environment and makes a task more interesting than it otherwise would be

30
Q

what brain structure is responsible for the amount of effort people are willing to exert

A

basal dopamine levels

31
Q

stress

A

the physiological reaction caused by the perception of aversive or threatening situations

32
Q

what part of the nervous system does stress activate?

A

the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system. it also activates the adrenal glands to release hormones into the blood, including epinephrine, norepinephrine, and glucocorticoids such as cortisol

33
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

A group of hormones (corticosteroids) that are important in protein and carbohydrate metabolism, secreted especially in times of stress. Help to break down and convert proteins into glucose, make fats available for energy, increase blood flow, suppress the secretion of sex hormones, and stimulate behavioural responses

34
Q

Cortisol

A

A specific glucocorticoid secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to stress

35
Q

what brain structure controls the release of glucocorticoids

A

the hypothalamus

36
Q

steps of glucocorticoid secretion

A
  1. In response to stress, the hypothalamus starts a chain of events by releasing CRH/CRF (corticotropin-releasing hormone/factor)
  2. CRH stimulates the pituitary to secrete ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
  3. ACTH stimulates the adrenal glands to promote glucocorticoids
37
Q

long term effects of glucocorticoids include

A

Increased blood pressure
Damage to muscle tissue
Steroid diabetes
Infertility
Inhibition of growth
Inhibition of the inflammatory responses
Suppression of the immune system

38
Q

stress during 3-5 day periods before showing symptoms of upper respiratory infection

A

people experienced an increased number of undesirable, stressful events

39
Q

stress in monkeys at the bottom of the social hierarchy

A

are almost continually stressed. They seem to die more often from stress-related issues including gastric ulcers, enlarged adrenal glands, and damaged hippocampi

40
Q

ptsd

A

A mental disorder that can develop after a person is exposed to a traumatic event

41
Q

symptoms of ptsd

A

include disturbing thoughts, feelings, or dreams related to the event, mental or physical distress to trauma-related cues and efforts to avoid them and an increase in the fight-or-flight response

42
Q

do most people who experience tramatic events get ptsd

A

no

43
Q

ptsd and multiple traumatic events

A

The likelihood of developing PTSD increases with the number of traumatic events a person has experienced

44
Q

genetic variance and ptsd

A

Genetics cause 30% of the variance in PTSD

45
Q

treatment of ptsd

A

CBT, group therapy and medication (SSRIs)

46
Q

neurobiological basis for ptsd

A

associated. with abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, which coordinates hormonal response to stress. greater activity in the amygdala and less activation in the pfc

47
Q

when does alcoholism begin

A

Alcoholism often begins in one’s 20s with daily use that gradually increases over decades

48
Q

problems associated with alcohol abuse

A

Automobile accidents
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Cirrhosis of the liver
Korsakoff’s syndrome
Increased rate of heart disease
Increased rate of intracerebral hemorrhage
Pancreatitis and diabetes

49
Q

genetic factors and alcoholism

A

account for 40-60% of risk factors

50
Q

Reinforcement

A

drugs that lead to dependency must first reinforce people’s behaviour

51
Q

reinforcement is always

A

context-dependent

52
Q

when is the effect of reinforcement greatest?

A

if it occurs immediately after a response occurs

53
Q

what explains the relative addictive potential of different drugs

A

The speed that the brain perceives reinforcement

54
Q

what is the neurobiological mechanism of most addictive drugs?

A

elicit dopamine release in the striatum, particularly in the nucleus accumbens

55
Q

aversive stimuli and dopamine release

A

Aversive stimuli can also trigger the release of dopamine and some areas of the nucleus accumbens seem to promote avoidance behaviours

56
Q

tolerance

A

the fact that increasingly large doses of drugs must be taken to achieve a particular effect. Caused by compensatory mechanisms that oppose the effect of the drug. Not all addictive drugs produce tolerance and withdrawal

57
Q

withdrawal symptoms

A

the appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by the drug when it is suddenly no longer taken. Caused by the presence of compensatory mechanisms that relate to drug tolerance.

58
Q

positive reinforcement

A

addition of a pleasurable stimulus that is contingent on a particular response

59
Q

negative reinforcement

A

removal or reduction of an aversive stimulus that is contingent on a particular response, with an attendant increase in the frequency of that response

60
Q

the theory that drug addiction was due to a fear of withdrawal is a type of

A

negative reinforcement

61
Q

people with a history of drug use show deficits in what brain area? (& what do these deficits cause)

A

the pfc. these deficits make people less able to maintain self-control

62
Q

comorbidity of addiction

A

high level of comorbidity of schizophrenia, ADHD, and substance abuse

63
Q

3 approaches to treating addiction

A
  1. The binding site blocker approach (ex. Naltrexone)
  2. The maintenance approach (ex. Methadone maintenance)
  3. The partial agonist approach (ex. Buprenorphine)
64
Q

Naltrexone

A

a somewhat long-acting, slow-onset opioid receptor antagonist that is prescribed to alcoholics and opiate addicts. It reduces the high produced by opiates because opiates can’t bind to the receptor, but it also tends to reduce drug, alcohol, and food cravings in certain people

65
Q

Naloxone (Narcan)

A

extremely rapid and short-lived opioid receptor antagonist that reverses the effects of an opiate overdose. During an opiate overdose, people can lose consciousness and stop breathing. A naloxone injection can immediately reverse these effects and even elicit withdrawal symptoms

66
Q

Methadone maintenance

A

Potent opiate, similar to morphine or heroin, but with a slower onset and offset. Methadone maintenance programs administer the drug to their patients in liquid form, which they must drink in the presence of supervising personnel.

67
Q

Buprenorphine

A

a very high affinity partial opioid receptor agonist. It strongly binds to opioid receptors but produces only a weak effect when blocking the effect of other opioids. To reduce the potential for abuse, it is commonly mixed with naloxone

68
Q

Varenicline

A

a partial agonist at nicotinic (acetylcholine receptors) that is approved to treat nicotine addiction

PSYC 211 (23 decks)

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