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PSYC 211 > Lecture 19: Neurological Disorders > Flashcards

Lecture 19: Neurological Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

recovery for patients with Wernicke’s aphasia

A

occurs first in reading, then in word comprehension. They are often unable to recover the ability to spell or repeat words.

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2
Q

inner monologue

A

when we talk to ourselves in our head

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3
Q

subvocal articulations

A

very slight movements of the muscles involved in speech that do not actually cause obvious movement

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4
Q

are there subvocal articulations during our inner monologues?

A

yes

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5
Q

functional imaging when a patient is asked to say if the names of items rhyme

A

shows increased activation in Broca’s area because the person says the two words subvocally

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6
Q

dysgraphia

A

trouble with writing

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7
Q

two types of writing

A

Phonetically sounding out the word
Visually imaging the word

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8
Q

phonological dysgraphia

A

a condition where people cannot spell words by sounding them out. They can only write words by imagining how they look. Thus, they have to be very familiar with how the word looks or they cannot write it. They cannot write non-words that sound fine

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9
Q

damage to what region is associated with phonological dysgraphia?

A

damage to the frontal regions & common in Broca’s aphasia

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10
Q

Orthographic dysgraphia

A

a condition where people cannot spell words by visualizing them. They can only sound words out, which means they cannot correctly spell any words that have an irregular spelling

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11
Q

damage to what region is associated with orthographic dysgraphia

A

damage to VWFA – visual word form area in visual association cortex

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12
Q

likelihood of having a stroke

A

related to age–probability doubles each decade after 45 years of age & reaches 1-2% by age 75

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13
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Process in which linings of arteries develop a layer of plaque, deposits of cholesterol, fats, calcium, and cellular waste products.

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14
Q

risk factors for atherosclerosis

A

include high blood pressure, cigarette smoking, diabetes, and high blood levels of cholesterol

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15
Q

atherosclerosis is a precursor for what conditions

A

heart attacks, myocardial infraction and strokes

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16
Q

Internal carotid artery

A

supplies most of the blood flow to the cerebral hemispheres. Goes from the heart to the brain

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17
Q

where do atherosclerotic plaques form?

A

in the internal carotid artery

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18
Q

result of atherosclerotic plaques

A

severe narrowing of the interior of an artery, greatly increasing the risk of a massive stroke

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19
Q

how can the narrowing of an artery be seen?

A

in an angiogram, produced by injecting a radiopaque dye into the blood and examining the artery with a computerized x-ray machine

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20
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A

rupture of a cerebral blood vessel

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21
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

occlusion of a blood vessel

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22
Q

what is the most common type of stroke

A

ischemic; it makes up 87% of strokes

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23
Q

how is the type of stroke determined?

A

ct scan

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24
Q

thrombus

A

a blood clot that forms within a blood vessel, which may block it and reduce blood flow to the affected area

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25
Q

what type of stroke are thrombi associated with?

A

ischemic strokes

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26
Q

embolus

A

a piece of matter (such as a blood clot, fat, or bacterial debris) that dislodges from its site of origin and occludes an artery. In the brain, an embolus can lead to a stroke.

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27
Q

how do researchers reduce the amount of brain damage caused by strokes?

A

administering drugs that dissolve blood clots to reestablish circulation. This has been met with some success; the administration of a clot-dissolving drug called tPA (tissue plasminogen activator) after the onset of a stroke has clear benefits, but only if it is given within 3-4 hours

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28
Q

dissolving blood clots only works for what type of stroke?

A

ischemic

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29
Q

reducing the risk of strokes

A

devices, including coils, aspiration devices, and stints can be deployed through the vascular system to the site of occlusion to secure/remove them

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30
Q

treatments after strokes

A

Drugs that reduce swelling and inflammation
Physical, speech and/or occupational therapy
Exercise and sensory stimulation (constraint-induced movement therapy)

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31
Q

tumour

A

mass of cells whose growth is uncontrolled and that serves no useful function

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32
Q

non-malignant (bening) tumour

A

non-cancerous tumour. Has distinct borders and cannot metastasize

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33
Q

malignant tumour

A

cancerous (literally “harm-producing” tumour). Lacks distinct borders and may metastasize

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34
Q

do non-malignant tumours regrow?

A

no. If there is a border, the surgeon can cut it out and it won’t regrow

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35
Q

do malignant tumours regrow?

A

yes, When surgeons remove malignant tumours, some cancer cells are often missed, and these cells will produce new tumours

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36
Q

how does cancer occur

A

where there is cell division as a result of a mutation & replication is uncontrollable

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37
Q

can nerve cells be cancerous

A

no

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38
Q

what types of brain tumours are dangerous?

A

all of them. Any tumour growing in the brain, malignant or benign, can produce neurological symptoms and threaten the patient’s life

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39
Q

two methods by which tumours can damage brain tissue

A

compression and infiltration

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40
Q

compression

A

the tumour takes up space and pushes against the brain

41
Q

gliomas

A

a type of malignant brain tumour originating in the neural stem cells that make glia. They rapidly proliferate and are more resistant to chemotherapy and radiation than most tumour cells

42
Q

survival rate of gliomas

A

very low

43
Q

meningioma

A

a type of non-malignant brain tumour composed of cells that constitute the meninges (the dura mater or arachnoid membrane) often right between the two cerebral hemispheres

44
Q

astrocytomas

A

type of brain tumour that originates in the astrocytes

45
Q

ependymoma

A

type of brain tumour that originates in the ependymal cells that line the ventricles

46
Q

medulloblastoma

A

type of brain tumour that originates in the cells in the roof of the fourth ventricle

47
Q

oligodendrocytoma

A

type of brain tumour that originates in the oligodendrocytes

48
Q

pituitary adenoma

A

type of brain tumour that originates in the hormone-secreting cells of the pituitary gland

49
Q

neurinoma

A

type of brain tumour that originates in the Schwann cells or cells of connective tissues covering the cranial nerves

50
Q

metastatic carcinoma

A

type of brain tumour that originates in various place depending on the nature of the primary tumour

51
Q

angioma

A

type of brain tumour that originates in the cells of blood vessels

52
Q

pinealoma

A

type of brain tumour that originates in the cells of the pineal gland

53
Q

encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain caused by infection (bacterial or viral), toxic chemicals, or allergic reactions

54
Q

first symptoms of encephalitis

A

headache, fever, nausea

55
Q

Meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges caused by viruses or bacteria

56
Q

first symptoms of meningitis

A

headache and stiff neck

57
Q

Polio (acute anterior poliomyelitis)

A

a viral disease that destroys motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord

58
Q

rabies

A

a fatal viral disease that causes brain damage; usually transmitted through the bite of an infected animal

59
Q

herpes simplex virus

A

a virus that normally causes cold sores near the lips or genitals. In rare cases, it instead enters the brain causing encephalitis and brain damage

60
Q

closed-head injury

A

caused by a blow to the head with a blunt object

61
Q

coup

A

the brain comes into violent contact with the inside of the skull

62
Q

contrecoup

A

the brain then recoils in the opposite direction and smashes against the skull again

63
Q

open head injuries

A

penetrating brain injuries obviously cause damage to the portion of the brain that is damaged by the object or the bone

64
Q

what happens when there is damage to blood vessels in the brain

A

can deprive parts of the brain of their normal blood supply. Accumulations of blood within the brain can cause further damage by exerting pressure on the brain

65
Q

traumatic brain injury deaths

A

Almost a third of deaths caused by injury involve TBI

66
Q

what happens to survivors of traumatic brain injury

A

scarring often forms within the brain around the sites of injury which increases the risk of developing seizures & brain problems like Alzheimer’s

67
Q

causes of seizures

A

many diffent causes. the most common is scarring related to an injury. other causes include high fevers in young children and withdrawal from GABA agonists like alcohol

68
Q

are seizures genetic?

A

they can be but most seizure disorders are caused by nongentic factors

69
Q

seizure disorder

A

the preferred term for epilepsy

70
Q

convulsions

A

violent sequence of uncontrollable muscular movements caused by seizures

71
Q

what causes convulsions?

A

if the neurons that make up the motor system are involved in the seizure

72
Q

do most seizures have confulsions

A

no

73
Q

partial (focal) seizure

A

a seizure that begins at a focus and remains localized, not generalizing to the rest of the brain

74
Q

simple partial seizure

A

a seizure that does not produce loss of consciousness

75
Q

complex partial seizure

A

a seizure that produces a loss of consciousness

76
Q

generalized seizure

A

seizures that involve most of the brain (non-localized seizure)

77
Q

examples of generalized seizures

A

tonic-clonic seizures, atonic seizures, and absence seizures

78
Q

grand mal seizure

A

Involve the whole brain & are characterized by convulsions

79
Q

aura

A

the sensation that precedes a seizure. Its exact nature depends on the location of the seizure focus

80
Q

tonic-clonic seizure

A

a generalized, grand mal seizure that typically starts with an aura. Followed by a tonic phase and a clonic phase. This type of seizure involves convulsions

81
Q

tonic phase

A

the first phase of a tonic-clonic seizure, in which all of the patient’s skeletal muscles are contracted

82
Q

clonic phase

A

second phase of a tonic-clonic seizure, in which the patient shows rhythmic jerking movements

83
Q

seizure disorders in children

A

children are especially susceptible.

84
Q

absence seizures

A

people stop what they are doing and stare off into the distance for a few seconds, often blinking their eyes repeatedly

85
Q

how are seizures treated?

A

with anticonvulsants like benzodiazepines

86
Q

how do anticonvulsants work?

A

Increasing the effectiveness of inhibitory synapses

87
Q

atonic seizure

A

loss of muscle tone; temporary paralysis

88
Q

is brain surgery necessary to treat seizures?

A

only when it doesn’t respond to medication, which is rare

89
Q

what is the most dangerous drug during pregnancy

A

alcohol

90
Q

what happens to babies born to alcoholic women?

A

they are typically smaller and develop more slowly

91
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome

A

a serious condition associated with alcohol consumption during the 3rd & 4th week of pregnancy. Has been associated with certain facial abnormalities and severe intellectual disabilities

92
Q

what happens to babies born to heroin/cocaine addicts?

A

they recover fine after withdrawal

93
Q

inherited metabolic disorders

A

several inherited errors of metabolism that can cause brain damage or impair brain development

94
Q

errors of metabolism

A

genetic abnormalities in which a recipe for a particular protein is in error.

95
Q

what causes errors of metabolism?

A

Typically caused by an enzyme that is not synthesized on account of mutations in both copies of the gene. If the enzyme is a critical one, the results can be very serious

96
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

a hereditary disorder caused by the absence of an enzyme that converts the amino acid phenylalanine to tyrosine. Accumulation of phenylalanine causes brain damage unless a specific diet is implemented soon after birth

97
Q

toy sachs disease

A

Heritable, fatal, metabolic storage disorder. Lack of enzymes in lysosomes causes accumulation of waste produces and swelling of cells in the brain

98
Q

infiltration

A

the malignant tumours invade the surrounding region and destroy cells in the path

PSYC 211 (23 decks)

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