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PSYC 211 > Lecture 17: Learning and Memory ll > Flashcards

Lecture 17: Learning and Memory ll Flashcards

1
Q

unconscious memory is also known as

A

implicit or nondeclarative memory

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2
Q

unconscious memory

A

Memory that influences behaviour in an automatic, involuntary way. Relates to automatic adjustments to perceptual, cognitive, and motor systems that occur beneath the level of conscious awareness

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3
Q

types of unconscious memory

A

procedural, perceptual, and stimulus-response memories

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4
Q

procedural memory example

A

how to ride a bike

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5
Q

perceptual memory example

A

how to unconsciously tell identical twins apart

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6
Q

stimulus-response memory example

A

salivating in response to a ton

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7
Q

conscious memory is also known as

A

explicit or declarative memory

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8
Q

types of conscious memory

A

episodic & semantic memory

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9
Q

episodic memory

A

personal experiences associated with a time and place. Autobiographical memory that involves contextual information and is learned all at once.

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10
Q

semantic memory

A

Encyclopedic memory of facts and general information, often acquired gradually over time. This knowledge need not be associated with the time or place in which we learned the information.

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11
Q

what type of memory is prompted by “show me”

A

unconscious memory

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12
Q

what type of memory is prompted by “tell me:”

A

conscious memory

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13
Q

what type of memory is associated with perceptual learning?

A

implicit memory

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14
Q

what type of memory is associated with motor/procedural learning?

A

implicit memory

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15
Q

what type of memory is associated with relational/stimulus-stimulus learning

A

explicit memory

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16
Q

What type of memory is associated with stimulus-response learning?

A

implicit and explicit memory

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17
Q

sensory memory

A

Allows an individual to retain the experiences of the sensation slightly longer than the original stimulus

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18
Q

what is another word for sensory memory?

A

perceptual memory

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19
Q

how long does sensory memory last?

A

a few seconds

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20
Q

how long does short-term memory last?

A

seconds to minutes

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21
Q

how much information enters short-term memory?

A

only a small fraction

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22
Q

memory capacity of short-term memory

A

The memory capacity of short-term memory is limited to a few items
The length of short-term memory can be extended through rehearsal.

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23
Q

long-term memory

A

Information that will be retained from short-term memory is consolidated into long-term memory. Long-term memories can be retrieved throughout a lifetime and strengthened with increased retrieval

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24
Q

how long does long-term memory last?

A

for long periods

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25
Q

perceptual learning

A

A pattern recognition system that allows us to recognize and identify objects or situation & recognize changes in familiar stimuli. type of unconscious, implicit learning

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26
Q

neurobiological mechanism behind perceptual learning

A

Involves changes in the strength of connections between primary neurons in the primary and association sensory cortexes

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27
Q

visual agnosia and memory

A

Damage to regions of the brain involved in visual perception not only impairs the ability to recognize visual stimuli but also disrupts people’s memory of visual properties of familiar stimuli

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28
Q

motor learning

A

Learning to make a sequence of coordinated movements

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29
Q

can motor learning be improved?

A

yes! We use feedback from our movements from our joints, vestibular system, eyes, ears, etc. to improve our movements

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30
Q

what parts of the brain are involved in motor learning?

A

The cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia, and motor cortex

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31
Q

what MUST be true for classical conditioning to occur?

A

We study this type of learning when the animal has no control over its environment

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32
Q

basic principle of classical conditioning

A

some stimuli trigger innate responses

33
Q

US ->

A

UR

34
Q

CS->

A

CR

35
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that has inherent value, like food or a painful shock

36
Q

unconditioned response

A

a behavioural response that is largely innate

37
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

a stimulus that was initially perceived as neutral but is now perceived as predicted of a US

38
Q

conditioned response

A

a behavioural response that occurs in response to a CS. The behaviour is often similar to the UR that was elicited by the US during training.

39
Q

what are other words for instrumental conditioning?

A

operant conditioning or reinforcement learning

40
Q

basic principle of instrumental conditioning

A

we learn from the consequences of our actions

41
Q

instrumental conditioning

A

The likelihood of you repeating an action depends on whether it was previously reinforced or punished.

42
Q

neurobiological basis of instrumental conditioning

A

The process of reinforcement strengthens a connection between neural circuits involved in perception and those involved and those involved in movement

43
Q

main difference between instrumental and classical conditioning

A

In contrast to Classical (Pavlovian) learning, operant conditioning requires that the animal can move and make decisions that influence their environment

44
Q

reinforcement stimulus

A

Appetitive stimulus. When it follows a particular behaviour, it increases the likelihood the animal will repeat the behaviour.

45
Q

punishing stimulus

A

Aversive stimulus. When it follows a particular behaviour, it decreases the likelihood the animal will repeat the behaviour.

46
Q

two major pathways between the sensory association cortex and the motor association cortex

A
  1. direct transcortical connections
  2. the basal ganglia
47
Q

direct transcortical connections path

A

connections from one area of the cerebral cortex to another. Involved in acquiring complex motor sequences that involve deliberation or instruction

48
Q

the basal ganglia path is important for

A

habit formation

49
Q

how does the basal ganglia path work?

A

integrates sensory and motor information from throughout the brain. As learned behaviours become automatic and routine, they are transferred to the basal ganglia

50
Q

how are the cortical imputs to the basal ganglia regulated?

A

through dopamine signalling

51
Q

what is the major input of the basal ganglia

A

the striatum, which consists of the caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens.

52
Q

role of dopamine in the striatum

A

dopamine neurons in the midbrain (substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area) project to the striatum and seem to signal reinforcement and punishment

53
Q

dopamine in the striatum is correlated to ___

A

motivation

54
Q

effect of transient dopamine fluctuations on behaviour

A

drive learning by signalling how unexpectedly good or bad the current moment is

55
Q

role of the basal ganglia in learning and memory

A

As the action and thought patterns are repeated, they become more habitual and ingrained. Across this transition, different circuits within the basal ganglia become involved in the action selection and action execution processes

56
Q

lesions of the basal ganglia

A

disrupt reinforcement learning and habit learning but do not strongly affect perceptual learning or stimulus-stimulus learning

57
Q

HM

A

Henry Molaison. he had a bilateral hippocampal lesion to treat his epilepsy, but he lost the ability to form explicit memories (severe anterograde amnesia). he also suffered from graded retrograde amnesia

58
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

permanent anterograde amnesia caused by brain damage, usually resulting from chronic alcoholism. Korsokoff’s patients are unable to form new memories but can still remember old ones before the damage occurred

59
Q

Confabulation

A

reporting of memories of events that did not take place without the intention to deceive. seen in people with Korsakoff’s syndrome

60
Q

what happens to memory when people don’t have a functional hippocampus

A

Without a functional hippocampus, the brain cannot form new episodic or semantic memories. Their short-term, working memory is generally fine. They can also remember previously learned semantic information if it was consolidated before the hippocampal damage

61
Q

role of hippocampus in memory

A

seems to be involved in converting short-term memories into explicit long-term memories. forms an index that can represent and reactivate the sensory systems that initially encoded any given event/experience.

62
Q

The simplest model of memory process

A

sensory information enters short-term memory, rehearsal keeps it there, and eventually, the information makes its way into long-term memory where it is permanently stores

63
Q

memory encoding (pattern storage)

A

cortical sensory systems -> hippocampus

64
Q

memory retrieval (pattern completion)

A

partial cue -> hippocampus -> cortical sensory systems

65
Q

hippocampal memory overtime

A

over time, memories become less depend on the hippocampus

66
Q

hippocampal training theory

A

hippocampal activity is “training” the cortex, causing a reorganization of the synaptic weights in the cortex so that intra-cortical connections can support memory recall on their own.

67
Q

hippocampal semantic memory theory

A

all memory starts off as episodic, which is dependent on the hippocampal nodes interacting in the cortex. Over time, as facts emerge from repeated episodic experiences, these semantic memories are permanently stored in the cortex in a hippocampus-independent manner

68
Q

anterograde amnesia

A

the inability to learn new information or retain information after the brain injury. Memories from before remain intact

69
Q

retrograde amnesia

A

the inability to remember events that occurred before the brain injury

70
Q

complete amnesia is ___

A

rare

71
Q

what type of amnesia results from hippocampal damage

A

anterograde amnesia

72
Q

amnesic patients are capable of what types of learning

A

perceptual learning, motor learning, and stimulus-response learning

73
Q

t-maze experiment

A

With minimal training, healthy mice often turn towards the place goal on the probe test. With overtraining, they turn toward the response goal

74
Q

the t-maze experiment demonstrates what

A

that explicit spatial memory is what is initially learned but that a stimulus-response memory starts to dominate

75
Q

what type of learning is affected by lesions in the basal ganglia

A

implicit response learning

76
Q

what type of learning is affected by lesions in the hippocampus

A

explicit place learning

77
Q

how is reinforcement signalled?

A

substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

78
Q

goal of instrumental conditioning

A

detect presence of reinforcing stimulus and strengthen the connections between the neurons that detect the specific stimulus and the neurons that produce the response

79
Q

relational learning is the basis of ____

A

declarative memory (semantic and episodic)

PSYC 211 (23 decks)

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