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PSYC 211 > Lecture 13: Sexual Behaviour > Flashcards

Lecture 13: Sexual Behaviour Flashcards

1
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

Two sexes of the same species exhibit different characteristics beyond the differences in their sexual organs

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2
Q

what causes sexual dimorphism

A

genetic and hormone differences before and after birth

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3
Q

Triplewart Seadevil and sexual dimorphism

A

female is a fish, but the male is a tiny rudimentary creature that lives on the female parasitically

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4
Q

main type of sexually dimorphic behaviours in mammals

A

reproductive behaviours

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5
Q

why does the brain give rise to sexually dimorphic behaviours

A

because it’s a sexually dimorphic organ

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6
Q

t or f: In humans, the size and interconnectivity of different brain regions vary according to sex

A

t

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7
Q

sex

A

Defined at birth by the presence of particular sex chromosomes, sex hormones, and sex organs

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8
Q

gender

A

The range of characteristics that pertain to, and differentiate between, masculinity and femininity, which are the characteristics associated with men and women, respectively. These characteristics reflect biology and culture

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9
Q

sexual reproduction

A

involves the fusion of specialized cells known as gametes (one from each parent) to form offspring that inherit traits from each parent

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10
Q

sex chromosomes

A

The X and Y chromosomes that typically determine an organism’s sex. (23rd pair)

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11
Q

gonads

A

ovaries or testes

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12
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells which are either ova (egg cells) or sperm.

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13
Q

how many chromosomes do gametes have

A

23

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14
Q

5 factors that determine sex

A
  1. sex chromosomes
  2. gonads
  3. sex hormones
  4. internal reproductive anatomy
  5. external anatomyt
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15
Q

result of unexpected combinations of the 5 factors of sex determination

A

intersex people

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16
Q

what types of sexual precursors do embryos contains

A

precursors for both female and male sex organs

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17
Q

undifferentiated gonads

A

embryonic precursor of ovaries/testes

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18
Q

mullerian system

A

embryonic precursors of female internal sex organs

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19
Q

wolffian system

A

embryonic precursors of male internal sex development

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20
Q

second month of gestation for sex determination

A

the undifferentiated gonads typically develop into ovaries or testes

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21
Q

third month of gestation for sex determination

A

typically either the Müllerian or Wolffian system develops while the other withers away

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22
Q

sry gene

A

normally located on the Y chromosome. encodes a protein that causes undifferentiated fetal gonads to develop into testes.

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23
Q

male sex organ development sequence

A

SRY Gene -> Development of tests -> embryonic testicular release of 1) antimullerian hormone 2) androgens (testosterone) -> stops the development of Mullerian system trigger & Triggers development of male sex organs (both internal and external)

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24
Q

defeminizing effect

A

Effect of anti-Müllerian hormone early in development, which prevents the development of the female-typical internal anatomy

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25
Q

masculinizing effect

A

Effect of androgen hormones early in development, which triggers the development of male-typical anatomy

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26
Q

androgens

A

Male sex hormones

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27
Q

what is the most common mammalian androgen

A

testosterone

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28
Q

what triggers the development of male external sexual anatomy

A

dihydrotesetorone (made from testosterone)

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29
Q

female sexual organ development sequence

A

XX chromosome -> development of ovaries (which are largely silent until puberty) -> puberty is triggered by hormones released from gonads

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30
Q

absence of anti-mullerian signalling in females

A

the Mullerian system develops into internal female reproductive anatomy, which includes the inner vagina, uterus, and fallopian tubes.

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31
Q

absence of testosterone signalling in females

A

external female sex organs (vulva) develop while the Wolffian (male internal) system withers away.

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32
Q

what is needed for the development of gonads

A

the SRY gene or two X chromosomes

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33
Q

turner syndrome

A

you only have one sex chromosome (X0), so don’t have ovaries or testes

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34
Q

swyer syndrome

A

you are XY but have a bad SRY so the gonads don’t develop

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35
Q

do gonads develop in people with turner syndrome and swyer syndrome?

A

In both cases, gonads don’t develop, but female-typical sex organs develop normally

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36
Q

are people without gonads fertile?

A

People without gonads are infertile and can go through puberty through artificial hormone injections

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37
Q

people with more than two x chromosomes and the sry gene

A

typically develop as males and are often infertile with small testes and have trouble growing a beard.

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38
Q

what 2 hormones do the testes of healthy males release

A

anti-Mullerian and androgen

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39
Q

what types of molecules are anti-Mullerian and androgen

A

peptides that work via g-protein-gated metabotropic receptors

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40
Q

what happens if there is insufficient anti-mullerian signalling

A

they will have insufficient anti-Müllerian hormone signalling. Causes insufficient anatomical defeminization: both male and female internal sex organs will develop and get tangled together. there is often functional external male genitalia

41
Q

what happens if there is insuffiscient androgen signalling?

A

they have androgen insensitivity syndrome

42
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Results in anatomical defeminization with partial or no masculinization

43
Q

severe cases of androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

no internal sex organs develop. In these cases, people typically develop normal external female genitalia and identify as heterosexual women, but they will be infertile and have a short vagina

44
Q

mild cases of androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

external genetalia is fully masculinized

45
Q

intermediate cases of androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

ambiguous external genitalia

46
Q

organizational effects

A

Effect of sex hormones during the development of the body

47
Q

behavioural defemnization

A

Refers to the organizational effect of androgens on the brain that prevents animals from displaying female-typical behaviours in adulthood

48
Q

behavioural masculinzation

A

Refers to the organizational effect of androgens on the brain that enables animals to engage in male-typical behaviours in adulthood

49
Q

activational effects

A

Effects of sex hormones after puberty

50
Q

examples of activational effects

A

The production of sperm, ovulation and general horniness

51
Q

how do the mind and body respond to activational hormone signalling in adulthood?

A

depends on how the body and brain were organized by hormone signalling in utero.

52
Q

hormone control puberty steps

A
  1. Starts with the release of the peptide kisspeptin in the hypothalamus
  2. It goes over to another group of hypothalamus neurons, which causes it to release gonadotropic hormones
    3, It diffuses into the pituitary, which releases follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
53
Q

kisspeptin

A

Neuropeptide produced by neurons in the hypothalamus that initiates puberty and maintains reproductive ability by triggering the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone

54
Q

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone

A

Hypothalamic hormone that stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to secrete gonadotropic hormones

55
Q

Gonadotropic hormones

A

Hormones of the pituitary gland (follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH, and luteinizing hormone, LH) that have a stimulating effect on cells of gonads.

56
Q

t or f: men resemble other mammals in their behavioural responsiveness to testosterone

A

true

57
Q

effect of testosterone on male sexual behaviour

A

With normal levels of testosterone, men can be fertile; without testosterone sperm production ceases, and sooner or later, so does the ability to have sex.

58
Q

what happens to men taking a gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist

A

they will not show testicular release of androgens and have a decrease in sexual interest and intercourse

59
Q

estrogen

A

Class of sex hormones released by the ovaries that cause maturation of the physical features and characteristics of females, such as the growth of breast tissue and female genitalia

60
Q

estradiol

A

Principal estrogen of many mammals, including humans

61
Q

how are the menstrual and estrous cycles controlled?

A

controlled by the two ovarian hormones estradiol and progesterone

62
Q

main difference between the menstrual and estrous cycles

A

Relative to the estrous cycle, menstrual cycles are associated with only very small fluctuations in sexual behaviour and sexual desire.

63
Q

what animals use the menstrual vs. estrous cycle?

A

menstrual cycle: primates
estrous cycle: most non-primate mammals

64
Q

characterization of menstrual vs. estrous cycle

A

menstrual cycle: characterized by menstruation, concealed ovulation, and the absence of a mating season
estrous cycle: no menstruation; animals reabsorb their endometrium and display clear outward signs of ovulation and fertilityt

65
Q

organizational effects of hormones on the body in humans

A

are largely over by birth

66
Q

organizational effects of hormones on the body in rodents

A

continue for a few weeks after birth

67
Q

how can we masculinize or feminize the brain of rodents?

A

by altering hormone signalling immediately after birth

68
Q

effect of castration after birth on male mice

A

they develop female typical behaviours

69
Q

effect of female hormone injection on castrated male mice

A

they will try to get other males to have sex with them

70
Q

effect of female hormone injection on non-castrated male mice

A

there are minimal behavioural consequences

71
Q

rodent sexual behaviour in the presence of testosterone

A

Around the time of birth, testosterone masculinizes and defeminizes rodents’ sexual behaviour

72
Q

human adrenal glands

A

are present in men and women. They typically secrete a small number of androgens

73
Q

excessive androgen signalling from adrenal glands in males

A

minimal effect since their tests already secrete tons of androgens

74
Q

excessive androgen signalling from adrenal glands in females

A

causes cogenital adrena hyperplasia (CAH)

75
Q

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

A

Excessive androgen signalling in females that is present at birth

76
Q

implication of androgen signalling research

A

homosexuality and transgenderism might be caused by variations in the timing and effectiveness of androgen signalling during the development of particular brain regions

77
Q

effect of androgen signalling during development

A

sex organs can become slightly masculinized

78
Q

oxytocin & vasopressin

A

Released during sex, birth, and breastfeeding

79
Q

effect of increasing oxytocin & vasopressin receptor expression

A

causes non-monogamous prairie voles to form monogamous pair bonds

80
Q

female sexual behaviour neural circuitry

A

Ventromedial nucleus (VMH) -> Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) -> Nucleus Pargigantocellularis (nPGI) -> motor neurons in the spinal cord

81
Q

male sexual behaviour neural circuitry

A

Medial preoptic area (mPOA) -> Periaqueductal gray matter (PAG) -> Nucleus Pargigantocellularis (nPGI) -> motor neurons in the spinal cord

82
Q

what system does the Anti-Mullerian hormone signal to?

A

Mullerian system

83
Q

what system do androgen hormones signal to?

A

the Wolffian system and the Primordial external system

84
Q

what happens if the ventromedial nucleus and medial preoptic area are lesioned

A

there is no sexual behaviour

85
Q

how did researchers identify the neural circuitry of sexual behaviour?

A

by injecting transneuronal retrograde tracers (ex. rabies virus) in muscles responsible for lordosis response

86
Q

Periaquaductal gray matter (PAG)

A
  • destruction abolishes sexual behaviour
  • Estradiol treatment or stimulation of VMH increases neural activity
  • Neurons contain estrogen and progesterone receptors
87
Q

Nucleus Paragigantocellularis (nPGI)

A

normally inhibits mating behaviour

88
Q

medial amygdala

A
  • gets sensory information from all the different sensory systems and produces sexual arousal
  • Causes production of Fos protein
  • Neurons contain estrogen and progesterone
89
Q

ventromedial nucleus (VMH)

A

A large nucleus in the hypothalamus critical for the female sexual response

90
Q

electrical stimulation of VMH in females

A

facilitates sexual behaviour

91
Q

Media preoptic area (mPOA)

A

Nucleus in the anterior hypothalamus that plays an essential role in male sexual behaviour

92
Q

electrical stimulation of mPOA in males

A

facilitates sexual behaviour

93
Q

electrical stimulation of mPOA in female

A

doesn’t affect sexual behaviour, but causes them to ignore their offspring

94
Q

sexually dimorphic nucleus

A

found in the medial preoptic area. is bigger in males than females

95
Q

who posesses mPOA?

A

both males and females

96
Q

who possesses VMH

A

just females

97
Q

how are vasopressin and oxytocin released?

A

as neuropeptides in the brian and hormones in the blood

98
Q

do peptides cross the blood-brain barrier?

A

not very well

99
Q

what things cross the blood-brain barrier?

A

lipid-soluble things

PSYC 211 (23 decks)

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