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PSYC 211 > Lecture 6: Brain Anatomy ll & Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Lecture 6: Brain Anatomy ll & Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

neural tube

A

a hollow enclosed tube that forms in the first weeks of embryonic development

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2
Q

neural progenitor cells

A

make up the neural tube

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3
Q

cell division of neural progenitor cells

A

asymmetrical cell division starts 40 days after conception and occurs over the next 85 days. by day 125, there are over 100 billion neurons in the human brain.

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4
Q

when do humans have the most neurons

A

125 days after conception

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5
Q

neurogenesis

A

the production of new neurons

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6
Q

when does neurogenesis stop?

A

4 months after conception

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7
Q

apoptosis

A

a process of programmed cell death that occurs in multicellular organisms. ensures a dying cell doesn’t cause problems for its neighbours

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8
Q

when do human neural progenitor cells undergo apoptosis?`

A

125 days after conception

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9
Q

the midbrain

A

a colleciton of nuclei that orchestrate complex reflex behaviour

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10
Q

what ventricle is the midbrain found in

A

the cerebral aqueduct

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11
Q

two major parts of the midbrain

A

the tectum & the tegmentum

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12
Q

the tectum

A

appears as two pairs of bumps on the surface of the brain (the superior colliculi and the inferior colliculi)

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13
Q

the superior colliculi

A

the two top bumps of the tectum that is involved in peripheral vision

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14
Q

the inferior colliculi

A

the bottom two bumps of the tectum that are involved in orienting to unexpected sounds

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15
Q

the tegmentum

A

part of the midbrain. includes several structures that coordinate and motivate complex species-typical movements. some areas of the tegmentum process pain and orchestrate responses to threats

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16
Q

parts of the forebrain

A

the hypothalamus, thalamus, limbic system, cerebral cortex, and basal ganglia

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17
Q

the role of the hypothalamus is similar to that of what hindbrain structure

A

medulla

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18
Q

the role of the thalamus is similar to the role which hindbrain structure

A

pons

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19
Q

the role of the cerebral cortex is similar to that of what hinbrain structure

A

cerebellum

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20
Q

the hypotalamus and thalamus are found in which ventricle

A

3rd

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21
Q

the limbic system, cerebral cortex, and basal ganglia are found in which ventricle

A

lateral ventricles

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22
Q

hypothalamus function

A

a bilateral structure made up of several nuclei that regulate the autonomic nervous system activity. critically involved in the 4 Fs (feeding, fighting, fleeing, fucking)

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23
Q

hormone

A

chemical substance that is released by an endocrine gland and that has effects on target cells in other organs

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24
Q

endocrine gland

A

secretes chemical signals (hormones) into the bloodstream. much of the endocrine system is controlled by hormones produced by cells in the hypothalamus

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25
Q

pituitary gland

A

master hormone gland

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26
Q

thalamus function & location

A

bilateral structure that is divided into several nuclei that relay sensory information to different regions of the cerebral cortex. found above the hypothalamus

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27
Q

what is the cerebrum

A

term referring to the cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic system.

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28
Q

where is the cerebrum found?

A

in the lateral ventricles

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29
Q

what is the cerebral cortex made of?

A

multi-layered structure with interconnected neurons between layers to give rise to cortical columns which are thought to be partially distinct functions

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30
Q

what animal’s cerebral cortex is made of nuclei?

A

birds

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31
Q

what is the stie of neural integration in the CNS?

A

cerebral cortex

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32
Q

cerebral cortex function

A

attention, perception, awareness, thought, memory, consciousness, decision-making

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33
Q

gray matter

A

the outermost portions of the cerbreal cortex where the cell bodies are

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34
Q

white matter

A

the part beneath the gray matter that has a large concentration of myelinated axons

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35
Q

sulci

A

small grooves

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36
Q

fissures

A

large or major grooves

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37
Q

gyri

A

ridges between sulci or fissures

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38
Q

longitudinal fissure

A

large groove that separates the two hemispheres

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39
Q

lateral fissure

A

large groove that separates the frontal lobe from the temporal lobe

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40
Q

central sulcus

A

provides a good landmark separating the rostral and caudal divisions of the cerebral hemisphere

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41
Q

corpus callosum

A

a large band of axons that connects the corresponding parts of the association cortex to the right and left hemispheres

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42
Q

4 lobes of the cerebral cortex

A

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

43
Q

frontal lobe function

A

controls movement

44
Q

parietal lobe function

A

processes touch information

45
Q

occipital lobe

A

processes visual information

46
Q

temporal lobe

A

processes auditory information

47
Q

insular cortex

A

located in the lateral fissure. processes taste

48
Q

piriform cortex

A

located in the lateral fissure. processes smell

49
Q

primary motor cortex

A

in the frontal lobe. contains the motor neurons that synapse in the spinal cord

50
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

in the parietal lobe. where touch information first enters the cerebral cortex

51
Q

primary visual cortex

A

in the occipital lobe. where the visual information first enters the cerebral cortex

52
Q

primary auditory cortex

A

in the temporal lobe. where the auditory information first enters the cerebral crotex

53
Q

insular cortex

A

hidden in the lateral fissure. where gustatory information first enters the cerebral cortex

54
Q

sensory association cortex

A

where each primary sensory area sends information. perception takes place there and memories are stored there

55
Q

basal ganglia

A

a collection of nuclei in the forebrain that regulates intentional movements, motivation, reinforcement learning and habits

56
Q

limbic system functions

A

important for emotions and episodic memroies

57
Q

3 components of the limbic system

A

hippocampus, amygdala and cingulate cortex

58
Q

hippocampus

A

crucial for explicit and memory formation

59
Q

amygdala

A

important for feeling and recognizing emotions

60
Q

cingulate cortex

A

a large area that overlies the corpus callosum. This region interconnects many limbic areas of the brain

61
Q

what are conventional neurotransmitters made of

A

amino acid derivatives

62
Q

how are conventional neurotransmitters synthesized

A

locally synthesized in axon terminals

63
Q

how are conventional neurotransmitters secreted?

A

Are usually secreted from small synaptic vesicles that dock very close to the site of Ca2+ entry in the axon terminal

64
Q

what types of receptors do conventional neurotransmitters activate?

A

ionotropic and metabotropic

65
Q

glutamate

A

main excitatory neurotransmitter (because all ionotropic glutamate receptors let sodium in). it reduces excitatory post-synaptic currents (EPSCs) and membrane depolarization

66
Q

gaba

A

main inhibitory neurotransmitter (because all ionotropic GABA receptors let chloride in). it induces inhibitory post-synaptic currents (IPSCs) and membrane hyperpolarization

67
Q

neuromodulator types

A

Dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, serotonin

68
Q

differences between neuromodulators and gaba/glutamate

A

neuromodulators primarily act on metabotropic receptors and tend to exert more fo a modulatory influence on postsynaptic cell activity (rather than causing EPSPs or IPSPs)

69
Q

t or f: more than 99% of neurons release either glutamate or gaba

A

true

70
Q

glutamate agonists examples

A

often cause seizures and excitotoxitiy (ex. kainic acid, NMDA(

71
Q

glutamate antagonists examples

A

dissociative anesthetics (ketamine, PCP)

72
Q

GABA antagonists

A

often cause seizures

73
Q

GABA agonists

A

anesthetics, anticonvulsants, muscle relaxants, sleeping pills, alcohol, anti-anxiety medication

74
Q

how are neuromodulators made

A

in a small colection of neurons that send their axons out widely

75
Q

t or f: neuromodulators are classical neurotransmitters

A

true

76
Q

where are the neurons that make neuromodulators located?

A

in the midbrain and the hindbrain

77
Q

what are the receptors for neuromodulators

A

mostly g-protein coupled receptors, not ion channels

78
Q

acetylcholine

A

attention and memory

79
Q

dopamine

A

fine motor movements

80
Q

serotonin

A

mood and depression

81
Q

noradrenaline

A

attention and cognition

82
Q

neuropeptides

A

type of neurotransmitter. short string of amino acids, synthesized in the cell soma. are secreted from large vesicles

83
Q

synaptic recycling in neuropeptides

A

does not occur

84
Q

what type of receptor do neuropeptides activate

A

metabotropic

85
Q

lipid-based signalling molecules

A

type of neurotransmitter synthesized and released on demand as needed. are secreted in a non-vesicular manner, typically for postsynaptic neurons.

86
Q

what type of receptor do lipid-based signalling molecules activate

A

metabotropic

87
Q

creation and recycling of classic neurotransmitters

A

all classic neurotransmitters get manufactured in axon terminals. the necessary enzymes float around freely in the axon terminal. after a neurotransmitter is made, it gets packaged into vesicles by transporter proteins which are on the membranes of synaptic vesicles

88
Q

monoamines

A

serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. they all have similar chemical and 3D structures and the protein that packages them into synaptic vesicles is the same (VMAT)

89
Q

2 subcategories of monoamies

A

catecholamines and indoleamines

90
Q

catecholamines

A

dopaine and norepinephrine

91
Q

indoleamines

A

serotonin

92
Q

agonist

A

increase of a particular neurotransmitter

93
Q

antagonist

A

decrease of a particular neurotransmitter

94
Q

how could you artificially widen (slow down) the action potential?

A

infusing a voltage-gated channel antagonist (by not bringing the action potential back to rest via the potassium channel, it will take longer)

95
Q

if a mutation targeted to the DNA that codes for amino acids located in the pore of the voltage-gated potassium channel might be used to test ____

A

whether these amino acids are important fo the channel’s selectivity

96
Q

ionotropic receptors are gated by what

A

ligands

97
Q

what directions do ionotropic receptors go in?

A

multidirectional

98
Q

what are ionotropic receptors made of?

A

strings of amino acids encoded by DNA

99
Q

what are metabotropic receptors?

A

strings of amino acids encoded by DNA

100
Q

nitrogenous bases creates

A

DNA

101
Q

amino acids make

A

protein

102
Q

where is the blood-brain barrier most permeable?

A

in the area postrema, which allows you to respond to toxic chemicals via vomiting

103
Q

when/ where is cerebrospinal fluid made?

A

always being produced by choroid plexus (a tissue that is found in each brain ventricle)

104
Q

what division of the PNS has affrent and efferent signalling?

A

trick quesiton: both of em do (somatic and autonomic)

PSYC 211 (23 decks)

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