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PSYC 211 > Lecture 10: Vision ll, Touch, and Taste > Flashcards

Lecture 10: Vision ll, Touch, and Taste Flashcards

1
Q

what type of cell is located at the furthest back point in the eye?

A

photoreceptors

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2
Q

photoreceptors’ leak sodium channels are always ____ in the dark

A

depolarized

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3
Q

how are ON and OFF bipolar cells differentiated?

A

by whether they inhibit or exhibit glutamate

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4
Q

what is the effect of light on photoreceptors?

A

they are hyperpolarized and stop releasing neurotransmitters

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5
Q

function of retinal ganglion cells

A

integrate information from ON and OFF bipolar cells

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6
Q

how are the receptive fields of ganglion cells organized?

A

“center-surround” organization

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7
Q

how are retinal ganglion cells classified

A

they are called ON or OFF cells, depending on whether they show increased or decreased spiking activity when light is presented in the center of their receptive field.

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8
Q

ON retinal ganglion cells

A

excited by the light in the centre and are inhibited by light in the surround

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9
Q

OFF retinal ganglion cells

A

excited by the light in the surround and are inhibited by light in the centre

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10
Q

function of retinal ganglion cells in the fovea

A

process colour information

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11
Q

types of receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells

A

Yellow on, blue off
Blue on, yellow off
Red on, green off
Green on, red off

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12
Q

in a yellow on, blue off receptive field

A

yellow is at the centre and blue makes up the border

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13
Q

in a blue on, yellow off receptive field

A

blue is at the centre and yellow makes up the border

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14
Q

where does visual information go after retinal ganglion cells?

A

Visual information is relayed from the retinal ganglion cells to the thalamus (the lateral geniculate nucleus) to the area V1 in the cerebral cortex (primary visual cortex)

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15
Q

receptive fields of V1 neurons

A

the sum of many RGCs

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16
Q

simple cells in the primary visual cortex

A

sensitive to lines of light and their receptive fields are typically organized in a center-surround fashion

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17
Q

difference between neurons in the V1 and retinal ganglion cells

A

Neurons in the V1 have larger receptive fields than retinal ganglion cells

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18
Q

v1

A

another word for primary visual cortex

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19
Q

when are neurons in V1 most active?

A

when a line of light in a particular orientation is detected in the receptive field

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20
Q

what do V1 neurons try to determine?

A

borders, edges, and corners

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21
Q

how much of the cerebral cortex is dedicated to processing visual information?

A

20-25%

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22
Q

visual association cortex

A

part of the occipital lobe that surrounds the primary lobe

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23
Q

t or f: Visual processing extends into the temporal and parietal lobe

A

true

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24
Q

dorsal stream

A

encodes where objects are. Starts in the primary visual cortex and ends in the posterior parietal cortex.

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25
Q

ventral stream

A

encodes what the object is and its colour (mostly information from cone cells). Starts in the primary visual cortex and ends in the inferior temporal cortex.

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26
Q

monocular vision

A

visual input from one eye

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27
Q

binocular vision

A

visual input from two eyes

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28
Q

what type of visual input do most V1 cells respond to?

A

binocular

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29
Q

how does depth perception work?

A

many monocular cues can be used to estimate depth such as relative size, amount of detail, relative movement as we move our eyes, etc. These are the cues we use to appreciate depth when looking at a 2D image

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30
Q

stereopsis

A

the perception of depth that emerges from the fusion of two slightly different projections of an image on the two retinas

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31
Q

retinal disparity

A

the difference between the images from the two eyes

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32
Q

result of retinal disparity

A

horizontal separation of the two eyes, which improves the precision of depth perception, which is particularly helpful when trying to plan movement to interact with objects in space

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33
Q

agnosia

A

A deficit in the ability to recognize or comprehend certain sensory information

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34
Q

cause of agnosia

A

a problem in some sensory association cortex

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35
Q

visual agnosia

A

People cannot recognize objects but otherwise have normal vision

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36
Q

cause of visual agnosia

A

relates to damage located downstream of the primary visual cortex

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37
Q

akinetopsia

A

a deficit in the ability to perceive movement

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38
Q

akinetopsia cause

A

damage in an area of the dorsal visual stream (in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex)

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39
Q

cerebral acrhomatopsia

A

People with this condition deny seeing any form of colour; they say everything is just shades of grey.

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40
Q

cerebral achromatopsia cause

A

damage to the ventral visual stream. often comes about from strokes

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41
Q

prosopagnosia

A

failure to recognize particular people by the sight of their face

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42
Q

prosopagnosia cause

A

damage to the fusiform gyrus (in the ventral stream)

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43
Q

most pathways in the visual cortex are

A

bidirectional

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44
Q

Predictive coding theory of perception

A

Claims that each level of the network is attempting to predict the responses at the next lower level via feedback connections. What propagates up is the prediction error signal, which is used to improve future predictions

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45
Q

3 different visual information pathways

A
  1. thalamus (LGN)
  2. midbrain (superior colliculus)
  3. hypothalamus
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46
Q

thalamus visual pathway

A

projects to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe of the cerebrum. Visual information is processed in this pathway to determine was you’re looking at. It creates an internal representation of your entire visual space

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47
Q

midbrain visual pathway

A

visual information is used here to control fast visually-guided movements. The midbrain doesn’t know what you are looking at, but it knows where light is moving in visual space

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48
Q

hypothalamus visual pathway

A

visual information is used here to control circadian rhythms (such as the sleep-wake cycle.) the hypothalamus doesn’t know where you are looking, but it knows how much light is in the environment

49
Q

fast-guided movements use ___ pathway

A

midbrain

50
Q

circadian rhythms are controlled by ___ pathway

A

hypothalamus

51
Q

most visual information is controlled by ___ pathways

A

thalamus

52
Q

somatosensory pathways

A

Provides information about touch, pressure, temperature, and pain, both on the surface of the skin and inside the both

53
Q

3 parts of the somatosensory pathway

A

Exteroceptive system, Interoceptive system, Proprioceptive system

54
Q

exteroceptive system

A

responds to external stimuli applied to the skin

55
Q

interoceptive system

A

provides information about conditions within the body and is responsible for efficient regulation of its internal milieu

56
Q

proprioceptive system

A

monitors information about the position of the body, and movement

57
Q

cutaneous senses

A

encode different types of external stimuli

58
Q

Pressure

A

caused by the mechanical deformation of the skin

59
Q

vibrations

A

occur when we move our fingers across a rough surface

60
Q

temperature

A

produced by objects that heat or cool the skin

61
Q

pain

A

caused by many different types of stimuli, but can primarily damage tissue

62
Q

epidermis

A

the outermost layer of the skin (above the dermis)
Cells here get oxygen from the air (not the dermis)

63
Q

dermis

A

the middle layer of the skin

64
Q

hypodermis

A

the deepest layer of skin (below the dermis)

65
Q

Glabrous skin

A

hairless skin (ex. palms)

66
Q

free nerve endings

A

Primarily respond to temperature and pain

67
Q

Meissner’s corpuscles

A

Primarily respond to temperature and pain

68
Q

merkel’s discs

A

respond to local skin indentations (simple touch)

69
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

respond to skin vibrations

70
Q

Ruffini corpuscles

A

sensitive to stretch and the kinesthetic sense of finger position and movement

71
Q

two categories of thermal receptors

A

those that detect hot & cold

72
Q

how is temperature perceived

A

Temperature-gated-ion channels that open at varying temperatures

73
Q

myelination of temperature axons

A

This information is poorly localized and the axons that carry it to the CNS are unmyelinated or thinly myelinated

74
Q

are proteins that are sensitive to temperature ligand-gated?

A

some are

75
Q

perception of pain

A

mediated by free nerve endings on the skin

76
Q

nociceptors

A

pain receptors

77
Q

mechanoreceptor

A

pressure receptor cells

78
Q

2 main pathways from the body to the primary somatosensory cortex

A

Spinothalamic tract and dorsal column

79
Q

spinothalamic tract

A
  • immediately crosses over the spinal cord and the first synapse is there.
  • The information then ascends to the thalamus through the spinothalamic tract
  • Detects crude touch, temperature and pain
  • Poorly localized information
80
Q

dorsal column

A
  • Ascends ipsilaterally through the dorsal column of the spinal cord.
  • The first synapse in the pathway is in the medulla.
  • From there the information crosses over to the contralateral side as it ascends to the thalamus
  • Detects fine touch and kinesthesia
  • Highly localized information
81
Q

where does touch information go after the thalamus?

A

primary sensory cortex in the parietal lobe

82
Q

what happens when electrical stimulation is applied to various sites of the primary somatosensory cortex?

A

patients report somatosensory sensations in specific parts of their bodies

83
Q

somatotopic map

A

reflects the relationship between cortical stimulations and body sensations (also referred to as the somatosensory homunculus “little man”)

84
Q

tactile agnosia

A

Patients with tactile agnosia have trouble identifying objects by touch alone
However, these patients can often draw objects that they are touching without looking

85
Q

phantom limb

A

A form of pain sensation that occurs after a limb has been amputated

86
Q

phantom limb causes

A

One idea is that the phantom limb sensation is due to confusion in the somatosensory cortices (primary and association). The brain gets nonsense signals (in the form of cut axons) and it has difficulty interpreting them

87
Q

transduction of taste information

A

similar to the chemical transmission that takes place at synapses; Ligand receptor interactions produce a change in membrane potential

88
Q

how many taste receptor cells are in taste buds?

A

25-50

89
Q

how often are taste receptor cells replaced?

A

every 10 days

90
Q

how are different tastes generated?

A

the activation of different types of taste receptor protein; Each taste bud is sensitive to a particular tastant

91
Q

how do taste receptor cells release neurotransmitters?

A

in a graded fashion

92
Q

do taste receptor cells have action potentials?

A

no

93
Q

Six different categories of taste receptors

A

sweetness, umami, bitterness, saltiness, sourness, fat

94
Q

MSG (monosodium glutamate) activates

A

both salt and umami receptors

95
Q

Sugar and umami taste receptors are

A

instinctively rewarding

96
Q

Bitter tastes are

A

instinctively averse

97
Q

sweetness detects

A

sugar

98
Q

umami detects

A

glutamate

99
Q

bitterness detects

A

a variety of different molecules

100
Q

saltiness detects

A

ions

101
Q

sourness detects

A

pH level

102
Q

fat detects

A

fatty acids

103
Q

how is taste perception developed?

A

it isn’t developed; it’s innate

104
Q

what did mice studies reveal about taste perception?

A

it’s innate

105
Q

t or f: Each hemisphere gets input from both eyes

A

t

106
Q

where does the left visual field go?

A

right hemisphere

107
Q

where does the right visual field go?

A

left hemisphere

108
Q

how is temperature perception mediated?

A

free nerve endings

109
Q

Capsaicin activates

A

heat receptors

110
Q

Menthol activates

A

cold receptors

111
Q

t or f: Dorsal column and spinothalamic synapse before projecting to the primary somatosensory

A

t

112
Q

how many tastants are individual taste buds sensitive to?

A

one & they express that same taste receptor protein

113
Q

how do taste receptor cells release neurotransmitters?

A

in a graded fashion

114
Q

how is the primary gustatory cortex organized?

A

Organized by taste within people (not consistent for everyone)

115
Q

how many metabotropic receptors detect sugar molecules?

A

1

116
Q

how many metabotropic receptors detect bitter molecules?

A

50

117
Q

what type of receptors detect saltiness

A

Ion channels permeable to sodium

118
Q

what type of receptors detect sourness?

A

Ion channels permeable to free protons

119
Q

what type of receptors detect fat?

A

Metabotropic and fatty acid transporters

PSYC 211 (23 decks)

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