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J - SOC 321 > Lecture 9: Street-Involved Youth in Canada > Flashcards

Lecture 9: Street-Involved Youth in Canada Flashcards

1
Q

Street Involved Youth

A
  • Youth 25 or under who do not have a safe home or are under-housed;
  • Who have been forced to leave their families of origin;
  • Who have run away from their homes without the consent of their parent or guardian;
  • Who left foster or group-care placements;
  • Or who are living on the street but who engage in street-related activities and identify with street culture and peer groups.
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2
Q

Kinds of street-involved youth:

A
  1. Throwaways.
  2. Runaways.
  3. Those not living on street but who engage in street-related activities.
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3
Q

Throwaways

A

Youth asked or encouraged to leave home by their parents/guardians with the purpose of ending parental responsibility.

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4
Q

Runaways

A

Youth who have led their homes/welfare placement without the consent of their parents/guardians.

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5
Q

How do youth become involved in street activities?

A

A degradation ceremonies.

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6
Q

Give an example of how triggers for street involvement differs according to age.

A

Parents disagreeing with adolescent’s sexual orientation is a trigger, while it is not for adult children.

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7
Q

What are the two UN categories of homelessness:

A
  1. Absolute homelessness.

2. Relative homelessness.

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8
Q

Absolute Homelessness

A

Sleeping in places unfit for human habitation.

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9
Q

Relative Homelessness

A

Situations where basic standards are not met.

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10
Q

True or false? Relative homelessness is absolutely unfit for humans.

A

False.

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11
Q

Family moving into an uncompleted home is ___ ___.

A

Relatively homeless.

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12
Q

True or false? Most people choose homelessness.

A

False.

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13
Q

Unsheltered

A

They have all their stuff with them in a cart, background, carry their home. Pass night wherever.

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14
Q

What is the worst form of homelessness?

A

Unsheltered.

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15
Q

Emergency Sheltered

A

Homeless who make use of government/charity funded shelters.

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16
Q

Provisionally Accommodated

A

No security of tenure. Banking on niceties of friends. Takes over friends couch. Precarious way of life.

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17
Q

At Risk of Homelessness

A

Not homeless yet, and may still be in homes/apartments. However, unemployment, layoffs put them at risk.

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18
Q

Is homelessness deviant?

A

Yes. Question of normality. Belief that you should be in a house somewhere, and we should be able to trace you to some address.

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19
Q

Homelessness is ___ rather than ___.

A

Fluid. static.

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20
Q

Life Cycle Model

A

Proposes series of stages that youth encounter on street. Mainstream, recidivism, stasis, disequilibrium.

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21
Q

Most youth that run away from home are between the ages of…

A

15-17 (older teens).

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22
Q

Most homeless youth are what race?

A

Caucasian (followed by Aboriginals and African-Americans).

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23
Q

Hidden Homeless

A

People pass the night with some friends, neighbours, or family members. Have support around them.

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24
Q

Are the numbers for homeless higher or those for hidden homeless?

A

Hidden homeless.

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25
Q

Most homeless are adult ___ between 22 and 55 years old.

A

Males.

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26
Q

Socioeconomically men tend to earn more. However, the male to female ratio is 2:1. Why?

A
  • Hard economic conditions.
  • Less support network.
  • Male breadwinner model.
  • Less likely to seek support.
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27
Q

Aboriginal people are ___ in the homeless population.

A

Overrepresented.

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28
Q

Which gender drops out of school more often?

A

Females.

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29
Q

How do homeless youth make money?

A

Occasional work, begging, prostitution.

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30
Q

Homeless Youth

A

Youth who have either left or who have been urged to leave home with the full knowledge or approval of legal guardians, with no alternative home in which to live.

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31
Q

Issues to consider while planning an estimate or count of the number of street-involved youth?

A
  • What criteria determines street involvement?
  • How should street-involved youth be contacted?
  • Should shelter numbers be used as basis for predicting the uncounted street-involved population?
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32
Q

Ecological Perspective

A

Puts focus on the interaction of the individual with different systems (school, peers, community resources, child welfare, government) and within the predominant values, attitudes, and philosophies of society.

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33
Q

Ecological perspective recognizes that no individual lives in a ___ ___.

A

Social vacuum.

34
Q

Microsystem

A

Immediate setting in which a person resides.

35
Q

Mesosystem

A

Represents the connections between the child’s microsystems and ecosystems.

36
Q

Exosystem

A

Systems in which policies and operations can enhance or detract from opportunities.

37
Q

Macrosystems

A

Includes culture and ideology of the society in which a person lives.

38
Q

Why do youth leave home?

A
  • Result of family conflict, disruption, and maltreatment.
  • Thrown out or forced to leave, seek further independence.
  • Aging-out of child welfare system.
39
Q

What are the 3 pathways to the street?

A
  1. Leaving home.
  2. Thrown out/forced to leave as “throwaways.”
  3. Early exit/aging out of child welfare system.
40
Q

True or false? Many street-involved youth report maltreatment at the hands of caregivers. This is especially influential for girls.

A

True.

41
Q

What are risk factors associated with street involved youth?

A
  • Difficulty with school.
  • Mental health and behavioural disorders.
  • Child welfare experiences.
42
Q

Sexual assault against children is increasing/decreasing, despite an opposite trend in general crime.

A

Increasing.

43
Q

When do most youth leave home?

A

When told to do so by their parents, or when their parents do not care.

44
Q

___ report significantly higher rates of sexual abuse than ___.

A

Females, males.

45
Q

Conduct Disorder

A

Includes everything from bullying to lacking empathy. Relationship with others, capacity to form healthy relationships with others.

46
Q

Those with mental health issues are more likely to…

A

Use drugs, have low self-esteem, and commit suicide.

47
Q

True or false? Those on the street tend to romanticize street life.

A

True.

48
Q

What is ironic about youth that leave home to escape rules?

A

They are subject to rules that are more restrictive than the ones they ran away from.

49
Q

How do youth that run away from home feel?

A

Lonely, disoriented, and survival instinct kicks in. Continual fight or flight response.

50
Q

True or false? Street entrenched youth often find mentors.

A

True.

51
Q

True or false? Street entrenched youth are more often victimized.

A

True.

52
Q

What are some resilience factors?

A
  • Many have strong sense of confidence in their own abilities, security in beliefs, and high self-worth.
  • Have resource-related skills.
  • Coping skills include spirituality, friends, time alone to think, positive thinking, sense of humour, and having hobbies.
53
Q

Substance use for street entrenched youth is usually as a ___ ___.

A

Coping mechanism. Can also be for social/recreational purposes.

54
Q

Almost all street-entrenched youth use ___ drugs.

A

Non-injection.

55
Q

Injection puts youth at risk for what disease?

A

HIV/AIDS.

56
Q

Youth on the street become sexually active ___ youth living at home.

A

Before.

57
Q

True or false? Street-involved youth are at higher risk for physical/mental health problems.

A

True.

58
Q

Squeegee Kids

A

Group of street-involved youth who are resourceful in attempting to develop and maintain a livelihood and means of survival by offering to clean windshields at major intersections.

59
Q

What is the sexual health of street-involved youth like?

A
  • High risk for STI’s.
  • Frequent sexual activity with multiple partners.
  • Pregnancy.
60
Q

How can pregnancy be good for street-involved you?

A

Could be a reason why they leave the street. Social services, favourable disposition of service providers, general public.

61
Q

Survival/Obligatory Sex

A

Trading sex for money, food, shelter, or other necessities.

62
Q

Which gender is at a higher risk for survival/obligatory sex?

A

Females.

63
Q

Survival/obligatory sex has been considered to increase autonomy. What are objections to this?

A

IT is not overly empowering.

64
Q

A high percentage of street-involved youth had previous child-welfare experiences and foster-care placements. True or false?

A

True.

65
Q

Those in foster care report feeling poorly prepared for ___ ___.

A

Independent living.

66
Q

Why do street-involved youth become involved in crime? for ___ and ___ reasons.

A

Situational, personal.

67
Q

Give reasons why street-involved youth become involved in crime/gangs.

A
  • Money.
  • Unemployment.
  • Deviant/criminal peers.
  • Being victimized.
  • Perception of blocked opportunities.
  • Drug use.
  • Low self-control.
  • High self-esteem.
68
Q

How can street-involved youth be seen as a social production?

A

The rise of neoliberalism.

69
Q

How does neoliberalism contribute to street-involved youth?

A
  1. Reduction in affordable housing.
  2. Youth unemployment.
  3. Reduction in state benefits.
  4. Changes in labour trend or job market.
  5. Changes in family composition.
70
Q

Explain how neoliberalism has resulted in changes in labour trend or job market.

A

Outsourcing of jobs, requirements for jobs go up.

71
Q

Explain how neoliberalism has resulted in changes in family composition.

A

Rise of the lone-person household, women especially at risk for poverty.

72
Q

True or false? There is a link between child abuse, pregnancy, and homelessness.

A

True.

73
Q

Top 5 reasons LGBT youth become homeless:

A
  1. Family rejection of sexual orientation.
  2. Forced out because of sexual orientation.
  3. Physical, emotional, or sexual abuse.
  4. Aged out of foster care system.
  5. Financial.emotional neglect.
74
Q

Generational Cycle of Welfare System

A

Self-reproducing homelessness and dependency.

75
Q

Use of street services depends on:

A
  • Knowledge.
  • Ease of access.
  • Current level of entrenchment in street culture.
76
Q

True or false? Youth services should be administered top-down.

A

False, they should youth-oriented.

77
Q

Youth Centre Programming Model

A

Youth play a significant role in developing and evaluating programs, and agencies continue to be flexible in adapting to changing needs of street-involved youth.

78
Q

According to Karabanov, what are the steps to get off the streets?

A
  1. Precipitating events.
  2. Developing courage to change.
  3. Seek support.
  4. Physically leave street.
  5. Restructuring routines.
  6. Having direction.
79
Q

What is the final step to getting off the street according to Karabanov?

A

Having direction.

80
Q

What are precipitating events according to Karabanov?

A

Traumatic event, boredom, disenchantment.

J - SOC 321 (22 decks)

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