Chapter 10: Aboriginal Youth Crime in Canada Flashcards
Who said that “we must learn to respond to people less in the light of what they do or omit to do, and more in the light of what they suffer?”
Dietrich Bonhoeffer.
Aboriginal
Includes individuals who identify as First Nations, Metis, or Inuit.
Values
A collective conception of what is considered proper, desirable, and good – or improper, undesirable, and bad – in a culture.
According to Aboriginal people, who is an offender?
Someone who shows like regard for right relationships and who has little respect for others.
What do you do if someone acts as if he has no relatives?
You bring in the relatives.
What are the 2 main features of the complexities of youth crime?
- Shared experience of the Aboriginal peoples as defined by relations with the settlers.
- Intergenerational trauma.
What are the effects of the shared experience of the Aboriginal peoples as defined by relations with the settlers?
Racism, broken treaties, assimilation attempts. and domination.
What are the effects of intergenerational trauma?
Poverty, underemployment, family violence, high rates of substance abuse, poor health, overrepresentation in the CJS, and experiences of racism and discrimination.
Criminalization
The process whereby individuals are assigned the label of ‘criminal.’
Colonization
Refers to historical and ongoing processes that began with the arrival of Europeans to the county that include attempts to dominate and assimilate indigenous peoples.
Marginalization
The partial exclusion from mainstream society, and the social inequalities that accompany it, experienced by certain groups.
Trauma
The community-level an individual-level damage, pain, and suffering of indigenous peoples–physically, spiritually, and emotionally, and psychically–as a result of the historical and current processes of colonization.
Victimization
The experience of being a victim, which can be linked to future criminalization.
Aboriginals are…
- Disproportionately represented in remand.
- Disproportionately represented in the prison population.
- Disproportionately receive probation.
- Receive more restrictive sentences.
Do Aboriginal females or males experience more overrepresentation in the CJS?
Females.
At Risk
People on a trajectory toward a myriad of problems that threaten their present and future adjustment.
Disadvantaged
Describes factors that were considered to play a critical role in placing young people in jeopardy.
Protective Factors
Factors that insulate a young person against negative influences.
According to socio-cultural influences, when does delinquency occur?
When norms have not been internalized.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder
Refers to a medical diagnoses of FAS, PFAS, or ARND, all of which refer to some degree of permanent CNS damage to a fetus as a result of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy.
How does FASD affect intellect?
Do not learn from previous experiences. Difficulty generalizing from one event to another.
How does FASD affect attention?
Restlessness.
How does FASD affect memory?
Impaired short-term and long-term memory.
How does FASD affect language?
Speech difficulties.
How does FASD affect social communication?
Does not pick up on social cues, shy.
FASD is over-diagnosed. True or false?
False, it is under-diagnosed.
Is there al ink between FASD and criminalization?
Yes.
Aboriginal gangs lose ___ by mimicking African-American personae.
Identity.
What does the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples say?
The starting point is recognition that Aboriginal people aren to as some Canadians think, an inconsequential minority group with problems that need fixing and outmoded attitudes that need modernizing.
What are some Aboriginal values?
- Connection to nature and each other.
- Importance of circles and ceremonies.
- Resisting justice as a force.
- Healing broken relations with mainstream society.
- Peacekeeping and respecting community.
What are two problems with Canadian programs?
- Programs come and go as ideas wax and wane in popularity.
- Programs are not owned by the participants but, rather, are owned by the professionals.
What book introduced the 12 elements of a program?
First Nations Community Justice Guidebook, published by the Restorative Justice Unit of the File Hills Qu’Appelle Tribal Council.
