Chapter 10: Aboriginal Youth Crime in Canada

Question 1

Who said that “we must learn to respond to people less in the light of what they do or omit to do, and more in the light of what they suffer?”

Answer 1

Dietrich Bonhoeffer.

Question 2

Aboriginal

Answer 2

Includes individuals who identify as First Nations, Metis, or Inuit.

Question 3

Values

Answer 3

A collective conception of what is considered proper, desirable, and good – or improper, undesirable, and bad – in a culture.

Question 4

According to Aboriginal people, who is an offender?

Answer 4

Someone who shows like regard for right relationships and who has little respect for others.

Question 5

What do you do if someone acts as if he has no relatives?

Answer 5

You bring in the relatives.

Question 6

What are the 2 main features of the complexities of youth crime?

Answer 6

1. Shared experience of the Aboriginal peoples as defined by relations with the settlers.
2. Intergenerational trauma.

Question 7

What are the effects of the shared experience of the Aboriginal peoples as defined by relations with the settlers?

Answer 7

Racism, broken treaties, assimilation attempts. and domination.

Question 8

What are the effects of intergenerational trauma?

Answer 8

Poverty, underemployment, family violence, high rates of substance abuse, poor health, overrepresentation in the CJS, and experiences of racism and discrimination.

Question 9

Criminalization

Answer 9

The process whereby individuals are assigned the label of ‘criminal.’

Question 10

Colonization

Answer 10

Refers to historical and ongoing processes that began with the arrival of Europeans to the county that include attempts to dominate and assimilate indigenous peoples.

Question 11

Marginalization

Answer 11

The partial exclusion from mainstream society, and the social inequalities that accompany it, experienced by certain groups.

Question 12

Trauma

Answer 12

The community-level an individual-level damage, pain, and suffering of indigenous peoples–physically, spiritually, and emotionally, and psychically–as a result of the historical and current processes of colonization.

Question 13

Victimization

Answer 13

The experience of being a victim, which can be linked to future criminalization.

Question 14

Aboriginals are…

Answer 14

• Disproportionately represented in remand.
• Disproportionately represented in the prison population.
• Disproportionately receive probation.
• Receive more restrictive sentences.

Question 15

Do Aboriginal females or males experience more overrepresentation in the CJS?

Answer 15

Females.

Question 16

At Risk

Answer 16

People on a trajectory toward a myriad of problems that threaten their present and future adjustment.

Question 17

Disadvantaged

Answer 17

Describes factors that were considered to play a critical role in placing young people in jeopardy.

Question 18

Protective Factors

Answer 18

Factors that insulate a young person against negative influences.

Question 19

According to socio-cultural influences, when does delinquency occur?

Answer 19

When norms have not been internalized.

Question 20

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

Answer 20

Refers to a medical diagnoses of FAS, PFAS, or ARND, all of which refer to some degree of permanent CNS damage to a fetus as a result of maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy.

Question 21

How does FASD affect intellect?

Answer 21

Do not learn from previous experiences. Difficulty generalizing from one event to another.

Question 22

How does FASD affect attention?

Answer 22

Restlessness.

Question 23

How does FASD affect memory?

Answer 23

Impaired short-term and long-term memory.

Question 24

How does FASD affect language?

Answer 24

Speech difficulties.

Question 25

How does FASD affect social communication?

Answer 25

Does not pick up on social cues, shy.

Question 26

FASD is over-diagnosed. True or false?

Answer 26

False, it is under-diagnosed.

Question 27

Is there al ink between FASD and criminalization?

Answer 27

Yes.

Question 28

Aboriginal gangs lose ___ by mimicking African-American personae.

Answer 28

Identity.

Question 29

What does the Royal Commission on Aboriginal Peoples say?

Answer 29

The starting point is recognition that Aboriginal people aren to as some Canadians think, an inconsequential minority group with problems that need fixing and outmoded attitudes that need modernizing.

Question 30

What are some Aboriginal values?

Answer 30

• Connection to nature and each other.
• Importance of circles and ceremonies.
• Resisting justice as a force.
• Healing broken relations with mainstream society.
• Peacekeeping and respecting community.

Question 31

What are two problems with Canadian programs?

Answer 31

1. Programs come and go as ideas wax and wane in popularity.
2. Programs are not owned by the participants but, rather, are owned by the professionals.

Question 32

What book introduced the 12 elements of a program?

Answer 32

First Nations Community Justice Guidebook, published by the Restorative Justice Unit of the File Hills Qu’Appelle Tribal Council.