Lecture 5: Gendering Youth Crime Flashcards
“Nasty Girl” Phenomenon
Idea presupposing that girls are getting “nastier.”
Engaging in violent squabbles, etc.
Female violence was once seen as non-existent, but recognition is growing that…
It is happening.
___ adolescents are responsible for an overwhelming majority of crimes.
Male.
The proportion to male crimes is ___, while the proportion to female crimes is ___.
Decreasing, increasing.
Give a reason why female crime proportions are on the rise.
Because law enfacement is focusing on it.
What does the CSI do?
Crime Severity Index, measures level of seriousness of crimes committed by youth.
What province is ranked highest according to the CSI? Does this mean that they have a lot of crime?
Nunavut. No, but the severity is extreme.
Youth crime represents only _% of crimes.
6.
In 2009, females counted for about ___ of youth accused by police of having committed a criminal code offence.
1/4.
Overall, the rate of offending for female youth is ___ ___ ___ of that of male youth.
Less than half.
Mischief
Tampering with someone’s property.
Common Assault
There is no stab wounds, no weapons.
On the list of most common offences for youth, which offence is surprisingly higher for females than for males?
Common assault.
In theft under $5000, the ___ youth are the ones stealing more.
Younger.
What gender dominates in distributing items like drugs in public places?
Males.
What percentage do females represent of youth who appear in court?
21%.
Women are ___ repeat offenders. If they are…
Rarely. They do not escalate in severity.
Dangerous Offender Law
Allows CJS to imprison people indefinitely.
Among the DO population of around 500 people, there is ___ woman.
1.
The rate of serious violent crime among female youth has…
More than doubled since 1986 growing from 60 per 100,000 to 132 per 100,000 in 2005.
Rates of serious property crime among female youth and female adults ___ between 1986 and 2005.
Declined.
What are the peak ages for crime for each gender?
Male - 17.
Female - 15.
Why would female involvement in crime peal earlier?
They mature faster.
Girls are being found guilty at an increasingly ___ rate, while the rate for boys has stayed the same.
Higher.
The proportion of girls in the CJS has continued to ___.
Increase.
Prison system is ___-equipped to handle the presence of girls.
Under.
It costs ___ as much to house girls as boys in the CJS.
Twice.
Instead of receiving counselling and mental health services, girls are…
Often re-traumatized through dehumanizing treatment and isolation.
Girls are ___ likely than boys to be sexually victimized while in a facility.
More.
Girls are known to ___ ___ through alcohol and other illegal substances.
“Self-medicate.”
What tracks the proportion of women in prisons around the world?
“The World Female Imprisonment List.” by the Institute for Criminal Policy Research.
There are over ___ women and girls in prison around the world.
700,000.
Over the past 15 years, there has been a __% increase in the proportion of incarcerated females.
50.
The world prison population in general has grown by __%, and the world population has increased by __%.
20, 18.
Does population growth account for the increased proportion of female prisoners around the world?
No.
What country imprisons the most females?
U.S., followed by China, Russia, Thailand, Brazil, Vietnam, India, and Mexico.
Females tend to constitute what percentage of prison inmates in most countries?
2 - 9%.
___ countries have the lowest number of women and proportion of women (relative to population of all inmates) in prison.
African.
Outline overall female delinquency patterns.
- Very few girls commit horrendous crimes like murder.
- They are more likely to be arrested for shoplifting and cheque fraud.
- More likely to be charged for prostitution-related offences.
- A large number of females in jail were victims of crimes prior to conviction.
Women are often ___ through victimization.
Criminalized.
Criminalized women means that…
Women who are victimized commit crimes themselves.
There is a fixation of girls on their…
(Sexualized) bodies.
Women are socialized to associate ___ and ___ with appearance.
Identity, popularity.
Women have low ___ ___ if unable to meet up wit the beauty and fashion standards.
Self-esteem.
Many convicted women have extremely low ___ ___.
Self-esteem.
___ and gender roles play a major role in female criminology.
Patriarchy.
What did Cesare Lombroso say about the criminal girl and biology?
- Low rate is facade.
- Female commit huge number.
- Crimes due to hormonal imbalance.
- Females are naturally more deceitful.
- More likely to get away with it (ability to fake orgasm).
Lombroso ends up ___ female crime.
Sexualizing.
Who came up with the Women’s Liberation Thesis?
Freda Adler.
What did Freda Adler come up with?
The Women’s Liberation Thesis.
What did the Women’s Liberation Thesis say?
As women’s roles in society approximate the roles of men, they are more likely to become involved in crime.
The Women’s Liberation Thesis says that there is more ___ opportunity for women to commit crime as they move up in society.
Structural.
What is the problem with the Women Liberation Thesis?
- Most crime is committed by marginalized women.
- Female offenders typically hold traditional patriarchal ideologies.
What did Hagan say in his Power Control Theory?
There are two types of families (patriarchal and egalitarian), and difference in how boys and girls are raised. Girls are controlled more in conventional patriarchal families.
What are the gender roles in patriarchal families?
- Males: Independence, strength, aggression, competitiveness.
- Females: Emotions, physical appearance, domesticity, caring, dependence.
In the Power Control Theory, the man uses his ___ to control his ___.
Wife, children.
Egalitarian families are essentially ___ ___ homes.
Two-income.
What is a criticism of egalitarian families?
Does not account for things outside heterosexual families.
Hagan hypothesize that girls who grow up in ___ homes are more likely to engage in crime than ___ homes.
Egalitarian, patriarchal.
Why are girls from egalitarian homes more likely to be deviant?
They are less controlled.
Main points of Feminist Theories.
- Gender is not a natural fact.
- Gender and gender relations order social life.
- Subordination of women reflects socio-economic and political dominance of men.
- Production of knowledge is gendered.
- Women should be at the centre of intellectual inquiry.
Gender is a ___ fact.
Social.
Liberal Feminism
Men control power and privilege; boys and girls are socialized into gendered adult roles.
Radical Feminism
Views the problem of gender inequality as rooted in patriarchy.
Socialist feminism is a response to…
A response to criticisms of radical feminism.
What is a criticism of Radical Feminism?
Critics say that radical feminism did not recognize the additional disadvantages of class and race.
Socialist Feminism
Women’s exploitation under capitalism and oppression under patriarchy are interconnected. Gender and class relations are mutually dependent.
Intersectionality
Refers to a movement away from thinking categorically and toward thinking about the connections and crossroads between social facets (e.g., race, sexuality, and gender).
Intersectionality recognizes the multiple, changing, and often overlapping…
Dimensions, demographics, roles, and identities of criminals, victims, other individuals, and collectives.
Intersectional approach need to arrive at interventions that address…
The strains faced by girls and their complex and varied pathways to social and delinquent behaviours.
Directions to pursue as part of attending to demographic intersections:
- Discontinuing use of stereotypes and overly simplistic theories.
- Eradicating use of stereotypical punitive policies and inhumane practices.
- Stop ignoring girls’ essential requirements for survival, safety, and well-being.
Differential Intervention
Takes into account that people are different, and refrains from applying same approach to each person in group-based process .
Differential Treatment
Takes individual differences fully into account in treatment.
Compensatory Intervention
Intervention designed to make up for something that is absent, particularly in learning and social environment of young people.
What does the intersectional approach require us to do with policy?
Need to reverse systemic and personal discrimination.
Intersectional approach demands ___ and ___ parity in resources.
Gender, racial.
intersectional tries to keep ___ and ___ crime control policies in check.
Neo-liberal, neo-conservative.
List some (there are 7) individual pathways towards criminalization for women.
- Physical and sexual abuse.
- Running away from home.
- Substance abuse.
- School problems.
- Negative experiences with adults.
- Medical and mental health emergencies.
- Negative self representation.
List some (there are 3) structural pathways towards criminalization for women.
- Experiences of gender-based oppression and victimization.
- Living on the street and possible involvement in prostitution.
- Participation in economic crimes.
The pathway to crime for females is the interplay of…
Individual and structural pathways.
When women kill, who are their targets?
Spouses, or their own children.
Females who kill tend not to victims ___.
Strangers.
For the vast majority (3/4) of women who kill their spouse, there have been…
Previous incidents of violence between the accused and the victim.
___ are more likely to kill out of jealousy than ___.
Men, women. This is contrary to popular belief.
Females are ___ likely to use a firearm to kill than men, and use beating or stabbing instead.
Less.
1 in 5 females who killed were suspected by police as suffering from…
Some sort of mental or developmental disorder.
