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J - SOC 321 > Chapter 2: 'Nothing but the Facts': Measuring Youth Crime in Canada > Flashcards

Chapter 2: 'Nothing but the Facts': Measuring Youth Crime in Canada Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two sources of measurement of crime?

A

Official and unofficial.

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2
Q

Which measurement of crime is helpful in identifying the dark figure of crime?

A

Unofficial.

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3
Q

Dark Figure of Crime

A

Refers to incidents of rime or delinquency that go undetected or unreported by the police.

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4
Q

Youth At Risk

A

Refers to young people who are ‘at risk’ of offending or being victimized because of various social, family, and/or personal factors.

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5
Q

Which act used the term “juvenile offender?”

A

The JDA.

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6
Q

Which act used the term “young person?”

A

The YOA.

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7
Q

How does the YCJA define a young person?

A

A person who is or, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, appears to be twelve years old, or older, but less than eighteen years old and, if the context requires, includes a person who is charged under the Act with having committed an offence while he or she was a young person or who is found guilty of an offence under this Act.

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8
Q

Which places a greater emphasis on the legalistic approach? The JDA or the YCJA?

A

The YCJA.

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9
Q

How does the legal definition of youth crime fall short in the area of theoretical insight?

A

Does not take into account victimless crimes. Limits the scope of theoretical insight.

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10
Q

How does the legal definition of youth crime fall short in the area of demographics?

A

Changes in age distraction can influence crime rates.

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11
Q

How does the legal definition of youth crime fall short in the area of case filtration and dismissal?

A

Cases are sometimes eliminated because they are perceived to lack sufficient gravity, or are deemed to be unlikely to result in conviction due to insufficient evidence.

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12
Q

How does the legal definition of youth crime fall short in the area of policy and administration variation?

A

YCJA is interpreted differently according to province/region. Police departments are not always consistent.

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13
Q

How does the legal definition of youth crime fall short in the area of method of gathering statistics?

A

Data used to track crime is obtained from official sources only.

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14
Q

How does the legal definition of youth crime fall short in the area of reporting rates?

A

Rates depend on public’s willingness to report youth crime.

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15
Q

How does the legal definition of youth crime fall short in the area of public perception?

A

Public believes youth crime is not punished harshly enough.

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16
Q

How does the legal definition of youth crime fall short in the area of technology?

A

Changes in technology means there are new opportunities for complex crimes to emerge and go undetected. Until crime is recognized and defined as such, it is not a crime.

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17
Q

How is the history of youth crime in Canada broken up?

A
  1. Pre-Confederation.
  2. State intervention.
  3. Twentieth Century.
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18
Q

What sorts of trends were predominant in both the late 19th Century and the early 21st Century?

A
  • Boys are disproportionately represented.
  • Most crimes are property related.
  • Most delinquencies occur in urban centres.
  • Familial problems are associated with youth crime.
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19
Q

What caused crime in pre-Confederation Canada?

A

Uncontrolled growth in New France that led to familial breakup and abandoned, neglected, or abused young people.

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20
Q

What was the first step to defining and officially counting delinquency?

A

State intervention.

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21
Q

What period in Canada’s history was universal education first suggested?

A

State intervention.

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22
Q

What came about in the Twentieth Century as far as youth crime?

A

The introduction of juvenile courts and a more efficient system of responding to youth crime.

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23
Q

Socialization Mode

A

A period of time in which youth were given extra attention by their parents and society.

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24
Q

Helping Mode

A

Explosion of faddish techniques for child rearing and discipline. Children brought up to feel ‘unconditionally loved.’

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25
Q

Between 1940 and 1955, crime rates for youth…

A

Dropped.

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26
Q

What caused crime rates to increase by 1966?

A

World War II.

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27
Q

Youth crime rose as a result of World War II because…

A

There was a culture shift towards households where both parents worked.

28
Q

In 1991, crime rates ___. However, the general trend of youth crime is…

A

Declined. Increasing.

29
Q

Official Data

A

The Canadian Centre for Justice Statistics, a branch of Statistics Canada, collects offender and offence data from the police, courts, and corrections for administrative purposes. The Centre produces regular reports that are readily available to the public.

30
Q

Unofficial Data

A

Refers to data that is collected and usually published by private or independent researchers or research facilities. The primary data collection techniques are self-report survey and victimization surveys. Unofficial data is often used to enrich official data.

31
Q

What are the 3 ways the CCJS expresses crime data?

A
  1. The number of youth charged.
  2. The rate of youth charged per 100 000 youth aged 12 to 17.
  3. The percentage of change in total youth rate between the reporting year and previous year.
32
Q

The biggest indicator of the criminality for youths is ___.

A

Gender.

33
Q

Female involvement in crime peaks at __ years of age.

A

15.

34
Q

Males are most often accused of which crimes?

A

Sexual assault, drug possession, attempted murder, and weapons offences.

35
Q

Females are most often accused of which offences?

A

Prostitution, common assault, and fraud.

36
Q

Can it be determined that violent crime has gone up?

A

Not really. Increase in rates can be because of reporting patterns, media sensationalism, the crime funnel, the alleged growth of girl gangs, the use of extra-judicial measures, and young females becoming more like male counterparts.

37
Q

What is the second most important indicator of criminality in youths?

A

Age.

38
Q

What is the peak age of crime?

A

17.

39
Q

Younger offenders are more likely to be involved in ___ crimes.

A

Property.

40
Q

Older offenders are more likely to be involved in ___ offences.

A

Administrative.

41
Q

Administrative Offences

A

Under section 4 of the YCJA there are provisions under the extrajudicial measures that allow for charges to be laid if the young person fails to comply with his or her disposition or fails to appear before the court. The charge can be initiated by either the police or the Crown.

42
Q

Disposition

A

For young offenders, this is the equivalent of sentencing for adults. Under the YCJA, a disposition should in theory be more rehabilitative and/or restorative than retributive.

43
Q

Young people are getting involved in crime at a ___ age than ever before.

A

Younger.

44
Q

CSI

A

Crime Severity Index. Developed and introduced by Statistics Canada, the CSI uses a weighting system to measure (youth) offences according to their seriousness. Although introduced in 2009, CSI data are available back to 1998.

45
Q

Has youth violent crime increased?

A

It has not been determined.

46
Q

Property crimes are ___ (increasing/decreasing).

A

Decreasing.

47
Q

What accounts for the greatest proportion of youth crime? Give the top 3.

A

Property crimes, crimes against the person, then offences against the administration of justice.

48
Q

What types of offences are increasing?

A

Drug-related offences.

49
Q

While overall crime trends have been decreasing, ___ crime rates have not followed the same trend.

A

Violent.

50
Q

The incarceration rate dropping has been partly attributed to…

A

Extrajudicial measures implemented by the YOA and the YCJA.

51
Q

YCJA aims to shorten the length of time it takes to complete a case. What is the reality?

A

It is taking longer under the YCJA.

52
Q

During the JDA and the early months of the YOA, there was a tug of war between…

A

Welfare and modified justice.

53
Q

The Welfare Justice Model is characterized by…

A

Informality, indeterminate sentencing, and focus on individual needs and rehabilitation.

54
Q

The Modified Justice Model is characterized by…

A

Due process informality, determinate sentences, and sanctioning of behaviour and provision of treatment.

55
Q

Why was the YOA modified in the 1990’s to allow for adult sentencing go 16/17 year olds?

A

The public perceived the YOA as too lenient.

56
Q

Canada had the highest youth incarceration in the world at one point. True or false?

A

True.

57
Q

Adult sentences for youths are reserved for…

A

The most grievous of crimes committed by young persons.

58
Q

Recidivism

A

Repetition of criminal and/or delinquent behaviour. Recidivism can be measured through official sources or through self-report surveys.

59
Q

Self-Report Surveys

A

A social-science questionnaire survey designed to ask respondents to report on their involvement in criminal or delinquent activities.

60
Q

What are some weaknesses identified with self-report surveys?

A
  • Limited by literacy level and ability to comprehend.
  • Short term vs. long term memory.
  • Extent to which they willingly give information.
  • May exaggerate.
61
Q

What are 2 things that self-report surveys have shown?

A
  1. Little evidence to suggest that youth crime has increased over the years.
  2. The difference between the amount of delinquent activities that males and females engage in is not as drastic as official data would lead us to believe.
62
Q

Victimization Survey

A

A social-science questionnaire survey designed to measure the experiences of respondents as victims of crime(s).

63
Q

Young people are ___ likely to be victims of crimes than adults.

A

More.

64
Q

Which gender is more likely to be victimized?

A

Males.

65
Q

Code of Silence

A

The failure of youth to report criminal activity to authorities.

66
Q

Victimization is a predictor for…

A

Criminality.

67
Q

Triangulation

A

A research methods technique that involves using more than one source of criminological data to assess the validity of what is being observed. For example, this technique can include combining official crime data with self-report data to obtain a clearer picture of crime or delinquency facts.

J - SOC 321 (22 decks)

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