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J - SOC 321 > Lecture 11: Gang-Involved Youth > Flashcards

Lecture 11: Gang-Involved Youth Flashcards

1
Q

True or false? Gangs are static.

A

False, they are in a constant state of flux.

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2
Q

Police-based estimates are ___.

A

Inflated.

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3
Q

Why are police-based estimates inflated?

A

There is no commonly accepted definition, and police have an interest in larger gangs and gang members, as they are tied to funding.

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4
Q

Which province has the highest total number of gangs?

A

Ontario.

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5
Q

Most youth gang members are which gender?

A

Male.

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6
Q

Most gang members are between the ages of…

A

16 and 18.

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7
Q

Which gender’s gang membership is growing?

A

Female.

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8
Q

Where do gang members exist?

A

All provinces and territories except PEI, Yukon, and Nunavut.

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9
Q

There is no gang activity in some provinces and territories because…

A

There is low economic activity and low population.

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10
Q

There is higher gang activity in ___ Canada.

A

Western.

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11
Q

The degree of organization of gangs is determined by:

A
  • Structure and hierarchical nature.
  • Connection to larger, more serious crime groups.
  • Sophistication and permanence.
  • Specific code of conduct and rules.
  • Initiation processes.
  • Integration, cohesion, and solidarity.
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12
Q

What is demonstrated by the 10 Mafiosi Commandments?

A

Groups that are good at abiding their own laws can better break conventional laws.

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13
Q

List the types of gangs in order from least to most sophisticated.

A

Street gangs, mid-level gangs, organized crime syndicates.

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14
Q

What increases along with level of sophistication in gangs?

A

Age, profits, longevity, intentionality of violence.

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15
Q

Street Gangs

A
  • Involved in serious crimes/violence.
  • Some stability, but membership is fluid.
  • Claim areas/turf.
  • Common name, symbols, colours, signs, graffiti, clothing.
  • Rely on silent entry and exit rituals.
  • Marginalized ethnic and racial minorities dominate membership.
  • Experience of severe poverty.
  • Drug/alcohol abuse.
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16
Q

___ is known as the street-gang capital.

A

Winnipeg.

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17
Q

Which city has the highest number of street gangs per capita?

A

Winnipeg/Manitoba.

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18
Q

Mid-Level Gangs

A
  • Can be multi-ethnic or exclusively Aboriginal.
  • May come from different socio-economic backgrounds.
  • Made up of unstructured cells.
  • Opportunistic involvement with other gangs – fluid.
  • More disciplined.
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19
Q

Organized Crime Syndicates

A
  • Teen involvement rare.
  • Highly structured and hierarchical.
  • Modelled after successful companies.
  • Recognized, feared, respected.
  • Exclusive membership, based on family, race, ethnicity.
  • Complex enterprises with rules, by-laws, and constitutions.
  • Use violence as a means to an end.
  • Aim for material wealth.
  • Maintains infiltration difficult.
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20
Q

Those that advertise that they are part of the gang are most likely…

A

Wannabes who are on the fringes.

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21
Q

The closer you get to the centre of gangs, the ___ the violence.

A

Less.

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22
Q

What are the primary activities of street gangs?

A
  • Hanging out.
  • Making profits from serious crime.
  • Engaging in severe violence.
  • Emphasis on honour, personal integrity, territoriality.
  • Issues of self-esteem, gender identity, and self-protection.
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23
Q

How do members of street gangs hang out?

A

To find food, shelter, party, and be incarcerated.

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24
Q

What are distinguishing characteristics of street gangs?

A
  • Hand signals/dress.

- Tattoos (emblems, gang identification).

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25
Q

How do street gangs recruit?

A
  • Born in.
  • Jumped in.
  • Recruited.
  • Sexed in.
  • Form own gang.
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26
Q

Is initiation for girls different from boys?

A

Yes.

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27
Q

What are possible traits that lead to gang membership according to the EPS?

A
  • Surrogate family.
  • Breaking down of traditional family units.
  • Identity problems.
  • Gang family history.
  • Lack of alternatives.
  • Few recreational opportunities.
  • Need money or poverty.
  • Lack of educational opportunities.
  • Use of intimidation or violence.
  • Need for survival.
28
Q

Female gang members experience ___ rates of victimization in childhood.

A

Higher.

29
Q

What is often the role of female gang members?

A

Lookout for police, dealing drugs, working in sex trade.

30
Q

Female gang members often have ___ satisfaction in all-female gangs.

A

High.

31
Q

Female gang members have ___ experiences in mixed gangs.

A

Negative.

32
Q

What do females do in male gangs?

A
  • Girlfriends.
  • Drug traffickers.
  • Go-betweens.
33
Q

All-female gangs were formed as a result of ___.

A

Sexism.

34
Q

Contrast why males join gangs with why females join gangs.

A
  • Males join for excitement and acceptance.

- Female join to cure loneliness, for warmth and affection, and to satisfy need to belong to a group.

35
Q

Most female gang members are married/single.

A

Single.

36
Q

What is the ethnicity of most female gang members?

A

Female.

37
Q

How does the process of leaving a gang start?

A

Person deciding to get out.

38
Q

True or false? Leaving the physical vicinity of the gang is important.

A

True.

39
Q

Biopsychosocial Theory

A

Pathways into gangs are best understood through integration of biological, psychological, and social factors.

40
Q

What is considered in biopsychosocial theory?

A

Physiological, psychological, family, school, peer, social variables as well as social inequalities such as poverty, gender, and race.

41
Q

Two children are in the same situation growing up, making them vulnerable to join gangs. Are they equally likely to join gangs?

A

No, the risks and resiliency of children vary. Diverse outcomes are expected for young people in similar situations.

42
Q

What biological or genetic factors contribute to gang involvement?

A

Developmental problems, learning disabilities, intellectual limitations, FASD, brain injuries, predisposition to mental health problems.

43
Q

__% of a child’s antisocial behaviours may be related to genetic factors.

A

40.

44
Q

What effect does family factors have on gang involvement?

A

Sharing meals, regular conversations reduce likelihood of children being in position to join gangs.

45
Q

What type of peer group facilitates protection against gang involvement?

A

Pro-social role models.

46
Q

How does the neighbourhood and community affect gang involvement?

A

Schooling, friends. Poor facilities and welfare become breeding grounds for gang involvement.

47
Q

Collective Efficacy Theory

A

Refers to social cohesion among neighbours combined with their willingness to intervene on behalf of the common good.

48
Q

Collective efficacy theory looks at why violence is…

A

Seemingly concentrated in some neighbourhoods and why is the composition important?

49
Q

What is important in ensuring informal control?

A

Personal background.

50
Q

What are the important personal background factors that ensure informal control?

A
  • High SES.
  • Home ownership.
  • Age.
51
Q

SES is comprised of…

A

Income, education, and occupation.

52
Q

Reduction in collective efficacy is related to…

A

Neighbourhood concentrated disadvantage and immigrant concentration.

53
Q

Reduction in collective efficacy is not related to…

A

Gender nor ethnicity.

54
Q

What are the 3 aspects of neighbourhood satisfaction?

A
  • Concentrated disadvantage.
  • Immigrant concentration.
  • Residential mobility.
55
Q

Crime is the consequence of…

A

Structural disadvantage and limited collective efficacy.

56
Q

True or false? Law and order is a good strategy for reducing crime. Justify if true, or give an alternate method if false.

A

False, informal networks among residents is more effective.

57
Q

Definition of a criminal organization according to legislation:

A

3 or more persons in or outside Canada, excluding hose that band together for single offence. Material benefit is also necessary.

58
Q

According to legislation, is it necessary for a gang member to be involved in a crime in order to charge them?

A

No, being a part of an organized criminal group in and of itself is a criminal offence.

59
Q

True or false? Interventions in to gang members’ lives causes a reduction in gang activity.

A

False, interventions often do not work. Curriculum-based prevention programs are largely ineffective.

60
Q

What strategies are ineffective in reducing gang activity?

A
  • Curriculum-based prevention programs.
  • Social workers.
  • Incarceration.
61
Q

What strategies are effective in reducing gang activity?

A
  • Reducing risk.
  • Creating awareness.
  • Pro-social models.
  • Attending to victims.
  • Providing exit strategies.
62
Q

Primary Prevention

A

Mitigating biological, personal, social, and environmental risk factors for entire child and your population; awareness and education.

63
Q

Secondary Prevention

A

Reduce risk factors for individuals and groups identified as being at a greater risk of becoming gang members.

64
Q

Tertiary Prevention

A

Rehabilitates or incapacitates gang members and recruits, addresses needs of victims, and provides exit strategies.

65
Q

Comprehensive Gang Model

A

Irving Spergel’s model for developing effective community-wide responses to gangs, consisting of five core strategies.

66
Q

5 core strategies in the comprehensive gang model:

A
  1. Community mobilization.
  2. Social intervention.
  3. Provision of academic, economic, and social opportunities.
  4. Gang suppression.
  5. Facilitating organizational change and development in community.
67
Q

Programs that have the best outcomes…

A

Combine primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention in a multi-disciplinary and multi-systemic community approach.

J - SOC 321 (22 decks)

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