Lecture 6: Youth and Substance Abuse Flashcards
1
Q
Substance Abuse
A
Excessive, unhealthy use of a substance such as alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drugs.
2
Q
Cost to society for illegal drugs are ___ ___ ___ as the cost to society for legal drugs.
A
Not as high.
3
Q
Legal substances account for __% of the total cost of substance abuse, while illegal drugs account for __%.
A
79, 21.
4
Q
Cost of substance abuse is __ billion dollars in Canada.
A
40 (1287 per person).
5
Q
Tobacco or alcohol costs us ___ than illegal drugs.
A
More.
6
Q
Hospital costs by substance in 2011 in descending order:
A
- Alcohol.
- Opioids.
- Cannabis.
- Cocaine.
7
Q
Most people with SUD’s get treatment ___ the hospital system.
A
Outside.
8
Q
Among SUD’s, which substance is responsible for the greatest use of hospital resources?
A
Alcohol, by at least 10 times.
9
Q
Adult ___ are more likely to respond to job loss with substance abuse.
A
Males.
10
Q
The increase in days stayed in hospital due to alcohol-related disorders was largely because of an increase among ___ and those aged…
A
Males, 45 - 64.
11
Q
What are the most commonly used substances among Canadian youth?
A
- Alcohol.
- Tobacco.
- Marijuana.
12
Q
For most drug categories, use among youth has been ___ in recent years.
A
Decreasing.
13
Q
Historical use for alcohol.
A
Used for medicine, nutrition, relaxation, pleasure, and religious worship.
14
Q
What is the most common substance used by youth?
A
Alcohol.
15
Q
How does alcohol act?
A
As a nervous system depressant, producing feelings of relaxation and diminished inhibitions.
16
Q
What are some symptoms of alcohol inebriation?
A
- Intoxication.
- Loss of balance.
- Delayed reactions.
- Impaired senses.
- Confusion.
- Impaired memories.
- Dizziness.
- Vomiting.
- Unconsciousness.
17
Q
Minimum drinking ages:
A
18 for Alberta, Manitoba, and Quebec, and 19 for the rest of the country.
18
Q
Do countries always have restrictions on alcohol?
A
No.
19
Q
CADUMS
A
Canadian Alcohol and Drug Use Monitoring Survey.
20
Q
Alcohol use among Canadians 15 years and older, alcohol use was __%.
A
78.
21
Q
Is alcohol use increasing or decreasing?
A
Decreasing.
22
Q
More ___ drink than ___.
A
Males, females.
23
Q
___ adults drink much more than ___ adults.
A
Older, younger.
24
Q
Which province drinks most in Canada, and which province drinks the least?
A
Quebec, PEI.
25
Alcohol use in Alberta is increasing/decreasing.
Increasing.
26
Young people who smoke often begin...
In early adolescence.
27
There are/aren't age restrictions on smoking in Canada.
Are.
28
Why should there be a concern about tobacco use among youth in Canada?
- Nicotine is addictive.
- Tobacco has stimulant.
- Numerous health consequences associated to long-term cigarette smoking.
29
What is the legal age for purchasing cigarettes for each of the provinces?
19 for most provinces, with the exception of Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, and Quebec, where the age is 18.
30
What is the most common smoking status of students in grades 6-9 who have tried smoking cigarettes?
Puffer (just smoke once, they do not smoke a whole stick).
31
___ teens smoke more than ___ teens.
Older, younger.
32
Tobacco use has ___ drastically since 1999.
Decreased.
33
What is the mean age at which ever-smokers smoke their first cigarette?
16.4 years.
34
Susceptibility to smoking.
The absence of a firm decision not to smoke.
35
Which gender is more susceptible to smoke?
Males.
36
Illicit drug use is common/uncommon within general youth population, with the exception of...
Uncommon, marijuana.
37
What is the most common mix of simultaneous polysubstance use?
- Alcohol.
- Tobacco.
- Marijuana.
38
Greater marijuana use may be due to...
Ongoing debate over its legal status.
39
Over time, many youth that experimented with illicit substances...
Abstain in adulthood.
40
Average age of initiation for cannabis use among youth has remained unchanged at ___ years of age.
15.6.
41
What age group uses illicit drugs the most?
15-24.
42
Maturational Reform
Responsibility, commitments that change lifestyles and cause you to move away from risky behaviour.
43
Give a problem with decriminalizing cannabis.
Accessibility increases, and this may increase drug use.
44
Crack epidemic happened when cocaine prices ___.
Dropped.
45
Prevalence among males remained ___ as high as that of females.
Twice.
46
What percentage report taking cannabis for medicinal purposes?
17.7%.
47
What is the prevalence use for medical purposes for male and female cannabis users?
17.3% and 18.4%, respectively.
48
What is pot used for medicinally?
Mostly chronic pain from arthritis, back pain, and migraines. Also used for insomnia, depression, and anxiety.
49
What are the 3 classes of psychoactive pharmaceutical drugs?
- Opioid pain relievers.
- Stimulants.
- Tranquillizers and sedatives.
50
What is the abuse of prescription drugs used for?
The experience, the feeling caused, to get high, or for other non-prescribed reasons.
51
Which gender is more likely to abuse pharmaceutical substances?
Females.
52
True or false? Those over the age of 25 are more likely to abuse pharmaceutical substances?
True.
53
The abuse of dextromethorphan was monitored for the first time in 2011. What is this drug?
Found in many over-the-counter cough suppressant cold medicines.
54
Social Desirability Effects
Biases in research caused by respondents' desire to provide what they feel is socially acceptable response.
55
Why is there a selection bias to measuring adolescent drug use?
Difficulty of sampling street-involved youth.
56
What are some challenges with measuring adolescent drug use?
- Social desirability effects.
| - Selection bias (street-involved youth).
57
Street-Involed Youth
Heterogeneous population between ages 12-24 who lack adequate shelter and are considered to live outside the mainstream youth population.
58
___ ___ ___ are most likely to be involved in illicit drug use.
Street-involved youth.
59
Why do youth use drugs or alcohol?
- Initiation of substance use requires adolescents to make decision of use.
- Use occurs when messages aimed at discouraging drug and alcohol experimentation and use are overpowered by other factors that influence the behaviour of youth, such as pleasure, peer pressure, and as a coping mechanism.
60
What factors can influence youth to use drugs?
- Pleasure.
- Peer pressure.
- As a coping mechanism.
61
Young people like ___ taking, which may lead to drug use.
Risk.
62
Potential negative effects of adolescent substance abuse.
- Accidents and self-induced injuries (vehicular accidents, suicides, and weapons).
- Unplanned, unwanted, or unprotected sexual activity.
- Inability to remember events.
- Passing out.
- Arguing with family.
- Committing criminal acts.
- General health risks.
- Psychological health risks.
- Addiction.
63
___ are the leading cause of death among people aged 1-34 years.
Vehicular accidents.
64
1.8% of those under 15 reported experiencing at lsat one harm in the past year due to illicit drug use. How does this compare to statistics for people between 15-24?
5 times higher for older age group.
65
One in six users reporting having experienced some ___ in the past year due to their drug use.
Harm.
66
General health risks of substance abuse.
- Worst case scenario is death.
- Chemicals have debilitating effects on heart, respiration, and drug pressure.
- Binge drinking can cause liver and kidney disease, cancers, heart disease, and malnutrition.
67
Chemicals in drugs have delimitating effects on heart, respiration, and blood pressure. This is affected by ___ ___ ___.
Method of administration.
68
Method of Administration
Path by which a drug or substance is brought into contact with the body.
69
Binge Drinking
Heavy alcohol consumption over a short period of time for the purpose of becoming intoxicated.
70
Episodic, or binge drinking, refers to the consumption of ___ or more drinks in one sitting for men, and ___ or more rinks in one sitting for women, at least once within a one-month period.
Five, four.
71
Drinking in excessive amounts is ___ and with the...
Deliberate, intent of becoming "drunk."
72
What is binge drinking also known as?
- Bout drinking.
- Intensive drinking.
- Spree drinking.
- Heavy drinking.
73
Psychological health risks of substance abuse include:
- Abnormalities in brain functioning, reduced attention, memory detriments.
- Psychosis.
- Co-morbidity.
74
Psychosis
Symptom of mental illness involving substantial alteration to individual's personality, and loss of contact with objective reality.
75
Co-morbidity
Two or more independent and coexisting medical conditions.
76
Dependence
When an individual feels that use of a substance is necessary for normal daily functioning or when substance use leads to tolerance. Also called addiction.
77
What is another word for addiction?
Dependence.
78
Stigma
Behaviour or attribute that causes individual to be discredited, rejected socially, or negatively stereotyped.
79
Compulsive drug seeking that accompanies addiction can...
Put user in harmful situations.
80
Criminal groups derive revenues mostly from...
Illegal drug sales.
81
What is the proportion go funds spent by the Canadian government between drug rehabilitation and incarceration?
$5 for every $95.
82
StatsCan estimates that 60% of illicit drug users in Canada are between the ages of...
15 and 24.
83
Research evidence suggests that although there is a ___ relationship between adolescent substance abuse and crime, there are...
Strong, other underlying factors that contribute to both.
84
Tripartite Drug-Crime Model
Drug use causes crime through 3 distinct modes:
- Psychopharmacological (drugs alter behaviour and make people break rules).
- Economic compulsive (crime used to sustain drug habit).
- Systemic (crime committed to protect territory, maintain supplies).
85
Crimes committed by adolescents are often linked to some form of ___ caused by substance use.
Impairment.
86
Substances that are ___ often lead to more crime.
Disinhibitive.
87
Being impaired may make you more likely to perpetrate, but also to be...
Victimized.
88
Youth have fewer opportunities to make money through work and may resort to...
Crime to gain access to money.
89
Drug offences tend to be the result of...
Proactive police work.
90
Proactive Police Work
Enforcement activities that are police-initiated, rather than in response to a call for service.
91
The fact that substance abuse is proactive police work means that...
It is up to police discretion and priorities to determine how strictly they pursue drug use.
92
YCJA has encouraged police to ___ youth involved in drug offences towards ___ ___.
Divert, extrajudicial measures.
93
Simply possessing drugs and alcohol constitutes a violation of law and therefore necessarily implicates youth in criminal behaviour. True or false?
True.
94
What do police rely on when enforcing age limits and illicit drug possession?
Visual cues and random checks.
95
Majority of youth have bought drugs from...
People they know.
96
Opportunities for youth selling drugs appear to be dependent on...
Peer connections and are largely limited to marijuana.
97
Sitters
Individuals who are paid to tend to plants in a marijuana growing operation.
98
Keys to effective substance abuse prevention programs:
- Strong framework.
- Striving for accountability.
- Understanding and involving young people.
- Creating an effective process.
99
What is an appropriate time to implement substance abuse prevention?
School-based interventions.
100
What are the most effective school-based substance prevention programs based on?
Skills based, where youth are taught resistance skills and other life skills training.
101
What is a problem with anti-drug media campaigns?
We do not know whether changing patterns of drug use among youth have anything to do with media campaigns.
102
Is fear-based communication effective in dissuading youth from drug use?
No.
103
Fear-Based Communication
Messages used to frighten youth away from experimentation with substances by emphasizing negative effects of use.
104
Harm-Reduction Strategies
Policies or programs that are designed to reduce the level of harm associated with substance use and abuse without requiring the cessation of use
