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ANAT 316 Term 1 > Lecture 8 - The Ear > Flashcards

Lecture 8 - The Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three divions of the ear?

A
  • external
  • middle
  • internal
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2
Q

Functions of external ear

A
  • collects and directs sounds waves
  • protects
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3
Q

Functions of middle ear

A
  • amplify and transmit sound waves
  • transmits sound to internal ear
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4
Q

Functions of internal ear

A
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5
Q

structures of the external ear

A
  • auricle
  • external acoustic meatus

(the auricle protects the external acoustic meatus)

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6
Q

Auricle

A
  • cartilage
  • captures waves and sounds
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7
Q

external acoustic meatus

A
  • from auricle to tympanic membrane (eardrums)
  • lateral 2/3 = cartilage
  • medial 1/3 = temporal bone
  • directs sound wave into the ear
  • ceruminous glands (create cerumon (earwax))
  • debris trapping hairs (prevent things from entering more)
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8
Q

Bony component of external ear

A

temporal bone

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9
Q

tympanic membrane

A
  • seperates external and middle ear
  • vibrates in response to incoming sound waves
  • can rupture (from object like a q-tip or infection, etc)
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10
Q

Pharyngotympanic tube and eustachian tube (part of pharyngotympaic tube)

A
  • makes pressure even (ears and nose)
  • direct tube from nose to ear
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11
Q

Auditory ossicles

A
  • three bones
    • malleus
    • incus
    • stapes
  • bony ossicles
  • connect tympanic membrane and internal ear
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12
Q

Malleus

A

hammer shaped

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13
Q

incus

A

attached malleus and stapes

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14
Q

stapes

A
  • smallest bone in body
  • connects incus to internal ear? via oval window
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15
Q

muscles og middle ear

A
  • tensor tympani
  • stapedius

they prevent excessive vibration of the bony ossicles

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16
Q

what does th tensor tympani do?

A

pulls on malleus, restricts movement at … ?

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17
Q

what does th estapedius do?

A

pulls on stapes, restricts movement at oval window

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18
Q

oval window

A

stapes pushes agasint oval window to transmit sound waves to internal ear

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19
Q

round window

A

helps sound waves travel through internal ear

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20
Q

features of internal ear

A
  • innermost compartment
  • encased in temporal bone
  • sensations of hearing and balance
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21
Q

internal ear is composed of…

A
  • bony labyrinth
  • membranous labyrinth
  • perilymph (fluid between bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth
  • endolymph (fluid inside membraneous labyrinth
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22
Q

bony labyrinth

A
  • cochlea
  • vestibule
  • 3 semicircular canals
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23
Q

membranous labyrinth

A
  • cochlea (cochlear duct)
  • vestivule (utricle and saccule)
  • 3 semicircular canals (semicircular ducts)
24
Q

cohclea

A
  • sensory organ for hearing (mechanical)
  • sound travels through fluid (pressure)
  • sends sound info to brain
25
Q

vestibule

A
  • utricle and saccule
  • detects: head position, gravity, linear aceleration
  • maintains stabilty and posture
26
Q

3 semicircular canals

A
  • semicircular ducts
  • detects rational motion in 3 diff planes
  • maintains balance
27
Q

sensory hair cells

A
  • cells with hair-like projections (stereocilia)
  • detects motion (when hair cells are bent)
  • hearing and balance
28
Q

Amplitude

A
  • higher = louder
  • height of sound waves
  • colume of osund
  • decibels (dB)
29
Q

Frequency

A
  • how close together wave are
  • pitch of sound
  • hertz (Hz)
  • closer the waves = higher the pitch
30
Q

sound transmition review

A
  1. sound waves transmitted through external ear to tympanic membrane
  2. vibrations pass thrugh ossicles of middle ear
  3. stapes pushes agasint oval window and sound waves are transmitted to cochlea
31
Q

What are the structures of the cohclea

A
  • sala vestibuli
  • helicotrema
  • scla tympani
  • cohclear duct (scala media)
32
Q

How is pitch determined?

A

how far it travels in the cochlear duct, the further = and the least far it travels =

33
Q

In what areas of the cohclea contaisn endolymph vs perilymph?

A
  • cochlear duct = endolymph
  • scala vestibuli and scala tympani = perilymph
34
Q

What is the sensory organ of corti?

A
  • aka spiral organ
  • on cochlea
35
Q

structures of organ of corti

A
  • tectorial membrane
  • basilar membrane
  • hair cell
36
Q

function of organ of corti

A
  • waves in perilymph move basilar membrane up and down
  • stereocilia of hair cells are pushed agasint and pulled away from tectorial membrane to eliciate a repsonse
37
Q

Innervation

A
  • CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)/cochlear branches of CN VIII
38
Q

Process of hearing

A
  1. sound waves cause vibration of the tympanic membrane
  2. movement of tympanic membrane vibrates ossicles (amplify sound)
  3. stapes pushing agasint oval window causes waves in perilymph
  4. Waves in perilymph push agasint basilar membrane as they travel through the cohclea
  5. Hair cells push agasint tectorial membrane and when they bend a neural signal is transmitted
  6. Impulses travel to CNS via cochlear branch of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)
39
Q

Hearing loss: conductive

A
  • external or middle ear
  • usually temporal
  • usually from blockage
  • ex: cerum (earwax) build-up or punctuered tympanic membrane)
40
Q

Hearing loss: sensorineural

A
  • internal ear/nerve pathway
  • usually permanent
  • ex: cochlear nerve degeneration caused by againg or trauma induced sensory cell damage
41
Q

Vestibular apparatus stuctures (2)

A
  • vestibule
  • semicircular canals
42
Q

Vestibule

A
  • utricle and saccule
  • detects head position, gravity, linear acceleration
  • maintains stability and posture
43
Q

Semincircular canals

A
  • Semincircular ducts
  • detects rotational movement
  • maintains balance
44
Q

Equilibrium types (2)

A
  • dynamic
  • static
45
Q

Dynamic Equilibrium

A
  • mainainting balance when head and body are moved suddenly
  • semiciruclar ducts
46
Q

Static Equilibrium

A
  • maintains posture and stability when body is motionless
  • saccule and utricle
47
Q

Semicircluar canals movement detection

A
  • posterior: side to side
  • anterior: nodding “yes”
  • lateral: shakign head “no”
48
Q

Rotational movement

A
  • Posterior: roll
  • Anterior: pitch
  • Lateral: yaw
49
Q

Semicircluar canals features

A
  • membranous labyrinth filled with endolymph (each duct is continuous with utricle)
  • each duct contains an ampulla (swollen region containing sensory receptors)
  • hair cells are clisterred together on patys of tje ampulla (crista(e) ampullaris)
  • sensory hair cells embedded in gelatinous mass (cupula)
50
Q

Sensing rotational movement

A
  1. Head rotates and causes movement of endolymph
  2. Semicircular canal rotates with the head and endolymph sloshes agasint cupula
  3. Displacement of cupula distorst the sensory hair cells
  4. Nerve impulses are yyransmitted during this dispalcement/movement
51
Q

Vestibule - saccule and utricle features

A
  • membranous sacs filled with endolymph
  • each sac contains a macula (hair cells in macula(e)
  • utricle: horizontal acceleration
  • saccule: vertical acceleration
52
Q

Macula structures

A
  • otoliths (little crystal things)
  • gelatinous mass
  • hair cells
53
Q

Otoliths

A
  • crystals are heavy and lag behind
  • gravity and velocity
  • movement of them stimulate hair cells which release neurotransmitters and send neural signals
54
Q

Innervation

A
  • CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)
55
Q

What is the vestibular systrem?

A

balance and equilibrium

ANAT 316 Term 1 (22 decks)

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