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ANAT 316 Term 1 > Lecture 10 - Pharynx and Larynx > Flashcards

Lecture 10 - Pharynx and Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

functions of pharynx

A
  • shared passageway for both air and food
  • provides a resonating chamber for speech and sounds
  • houses the tonsils, which serve immunological functions
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2
Q

Divisions of pharynx (3)

A
  • nasopharynx (superior portion)
  • oropharynx (middle portion)
  • laryngopharynx (inferior portion)
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2
Q

Relating anatomy of this lecture

A
  • oral cavity
  • tongue
  • pharynx
  • hyoid bone
  • vertebral bodies
  • larynx
  • esophagus
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3
Q

Nasopharynx: borders

A
  • superior: choanae
  • posterior: vertibral bodies
  • anterior/inferior: soft palate and oropharynx
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4
Q

Nasopharynx: function

A

respiratory function

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5
Q

Nasopharynx: key features

A
  • soft palate
  • openings to eustachian tube
  • adenoid (pharyngeal tonsil)
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6
Q

Soft palate

A
  • forms the posterior roof of mouth
  • arch shaped muscular partition between the nasopharynx and oropharynx
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7
Q

Soft palate: swallowing

A
  • contracts to close the nasopharynx when swallowing
  • tongue blocks oral cavity
  • soft palate blocks nasophasrynx
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8
Q

Eustachian tube

A
  • narrow passage between the nasopharynx and middle ear
  • allows air echange to equalize pressure between these areas
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9
Q

adenoid

A
  • “pharyngeal tonsil”
  • patch of lymphoid tissue on the superior posterior wall
  • typically atrophies and shrinks significantly by adulthood
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10
Q

oropharynx: borders

A
  • superior: nasopharynx
  • inferior: laryngopharynx
  • posterior: vertebral bodies
  • anterior: fauces (aka throat)/oral cavity
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11
Q

oropharynx: functions

A
  • respiratory
  • digestive
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12
Q

oropharynx: key features

A
  • palatine tonsils
  • lingual tonsils
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13
Q

oropharyngeal tonsils

A
  • patches of lymphoid tissue
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14
Q

laryngopharynx: borders

A
  • superior: oropharynx
  • posterior: vertebral bodie
  • inferior: larynx and esophagus
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15
Q

laryngopharynx: functions

A
  • respiratory
  • digestive
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16
Q

laryngopharynx: key features

A
  • laryngeal inlet
  • piriform fossae (recesses)
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17
Q

laryngeal inlet

A
  • entrance to the larynx
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18
Q

piriform fossae (recess)

A
  • groove on either side of the laryngeal inlet
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19
Q

pharynx epithelium

A
  • pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (respiratory epithelium)
  • nonkeratinized stratified aquamous epithelium
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20
Q

Pharyngeal muscles: outer circular layer

A
  • superior constrictor
  • middle constrictor
  • inferior constrictor
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21
Q

superior constrictor: muscle #

A

S1-S4

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22
Q

superior constrictor: location

A

surrounds the oropharynx

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23
Q

superior constrictor: function

A

constricts the upper portion of the pharynx to faciliate swallowing

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24
Q

middle constrictor: muscle #

A

M1-M2

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25
Q

middle constrictor: location

A

surrounds the laryngopharynx

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26
Q

middle constrictor: function

A

constricts the middle portion of the pharynx to faciliate swallowing

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27
Q

inferior constrictor: muscle #

A

I1-I2

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28
Q

inferior constrictor: location

A

surrounds the laryngopharynx

29
Q

inferior constrictor: function

A

constricts the lower portion of the pharynx to facilitate swallowing
- forms the upper esophageal sphincter

30
Q

muscle attachments

A
  • occipital bone (superior constrictor)
  • pharyngeal raphe (groove or ridge) (superior, middle and inferior conctrictors)
31
Q

Innervation of constrictor muscles

A
  • motor innervation: vagus nerve (CN X)
  • sensory innervation: glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)
32
Q

Larynx

A
  • aka voice box
  • short passageway that connects the laryngopharynx with the trachea
  • anterior to C4-C7
33
Q

Larynx: function

A
  • valve to close the trachea
  • voice production (via vocal cords)
34
Q

Larynx: cartilage structures

A
  • epiglottis
  • thryoid cartilage
  • arytenoid cartilage (occur in pairs)
  • cricoid cartilage
35
Q

thryoid cartilage

A
  • largest cartilage of the larynx
  • form upper and anterior walls
  • two fused plates of hyaline cartilage
  • laryngeal prominence (adam’s apple)
36
Q

thryoid cartilage: function

A
  • protect and support the vocal cords
37
Q

epiglottis

A
  • leaf shaped piece of elastic cartilage
  • covered wth epihelium
  • “stalk” is attached to thyroid cartilage
  • “leaf” is unattached
38
Q

epiglottis; function

A

closes off larync during swallowing

39
Q

Epiglottis: swallowing

A

moves down and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx

40
Q

Cricoid cartilage

A
  • ring of hyaline cartilage
  • forms inferior wall of larynx
  • landmarc for making an emergenxy airway!
41
Q

Cricoid cartilage: function

A

maintains airway opening

42
Q

Arytenoid cartilage

A
  • triangular pieces of mostly hyaline cartilage
  • sit on the cricoid cartilage
43
Q

Arytenoid cartilage: function

A

influence movement (tension and relaxation) of vocal folds

44
Q

Laryngeal ligaments

A

support the cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx

45
Q

Laryngeal ligaments: divisions

A
  • extrinsic
  • intrinsic
46
Q

Laryngeal ligaments: extrinsic

A
  • attach larynx to external structures
    • thyroid memebrane
      • medial thyrohyoid lyragments
      • lateral thyrohyoid ligaments
    • criotracheal ligament
47
Q

Laryngeal ligaments: intrinsic

A
  • attack cartilages of the larynx
    • cricothyroid ligament
48
Q

Vocal cords

A
  • the mucous membrane of the larynx forms two pairs of folds:
    • superior
    • inferior
48
Q

What are the two types of vocal cords?

A
  • true
  • false
48
Q

True vocal cords

A
  • inferior: vocal folds
  • principle structure of voice production
49
Q

False vocal cords

A
  • superior: ventricular folds
  • protect the vocal folds
49
Q

Cavities of the larynx (5)

A
  • vestibule
  • glottis
  • rima glottidis
  • infraglottic cavity (space)
  • trachea
50
Q

Vestibule cavity

A

from inlet to vestibular folds (false cords)

51
Q

infraglottic cavity (space)

A

below vocal folds

51
Q

glottis cavity

A

from vestibular folds to vocal folds (true cords)

51
Q

rima glottidis cavity

A

gap between vocal folds

52
Q

Actions of vocal cords during: respiration

A
  • abduct/open
  • allows the passage of air
52
Q

Actions of vocal cords during: swallowing

A
  • adduct/close
  • to prevent food/liquid from entering
52
Q

What do the intrinsic laryngeal muscles attach to?

A

the cartilage and vocal folds

53
Q

Vocal resonance

A
  • larynx and pharync are resonating chambers for speech
  • reverberation of sound waves from the vibrating vocal folds
53
Q

Actions of vocal cords during: phonation (the production of speech sounds)

A
  • adduct and alter tension of vocal cords
54
Q

Laryngeal muscles: overview

A
  • intrinsic laryngeal muscles act on individual components of the larynx
54
Q

Laryngeal muscles: functions/mechanisms

A
  • control the shape of the rima glottidis
  • control length and tension of the vocal folds
54
Q

Cricothyroid: functions

A
  • stretches and tenses the vocal ligament
  • known as the “singe’s muscle” as it alters tone of voice
54
Q

Thyroarytenoid: functions

A
  • relax the vocal ligament
54
Q

Laryngeal muscles: muscles

A
  • cricothyroid
  • thyroarytenoid
  • posterior & lateral crioarytenoid
  • transverse & oblique arytenoid
55
Q

posterior & lateral crioarytenoid: functions

A
  • Posterior: sole abductor of the vocal folds
    • widens the rima glottidis
      _ Lateral: major adductor of the vocal folds
    • narrows the rima glottidis
55
Q

Transverse & oblique arytenoid: functions

A
  • adduct the arytenoid cartilage
  • narrows the rima glottidis to modulate tone and volume of speech
56
Q

Innervation of larynx - 2 nerves

A
  • superior laryngeal nerve
  • recurrent laryngeal nerve
56
Q

Superior laryngeal nerve pathways

A
  1. internal laryngeal nerve -> sensory -> above vocal cords
  2. external laryngeal nerve -> motor -> cricothyroid
57
Q

Recurrent laryngeal nerve pathways

A
  1. sensory -> below vocal cords
  2. motor -> all except cricothyroid

ANAT 316 Term 1 (22 decks)

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