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ANAT 316 Term 1 > Lecture 12 - Lungs & Mediastinum > Flashcards

Lecture 12 - Lungs & Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the mediastinum?

A
  • central compartnement of th thoracic cavity
    (recall that other components of the thoracic cavity are the right and left pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity)
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2
Q

what borders the mediastinum laterally?

A

lungs and pleural cavities

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3
Q

What does themediastinum contain?

A

thoracic viscera outside of the lungs

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4
Q

Where do the superior and inferior mediastinum divide?

A

Where the manubrium and sternal body meet

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4
Q

What are the two divisons of the mediastinum?

A
  • superior mediastinum
  • inferior mediastinum
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5
Q

Superior mediastinum: viscera

A
  • superior portions of the esophagus and trachea
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6
Q

Superior mediastinum: vessels

A
  • arch of aorta and branches
  • superior vena cava and brachiocephalic veins
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7
Q

Inferior mediastinum divisons (3)

A
  • anterior
  • middle
  • posterior
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8
Q

Inferior mediastinum- anterior

A
  • between the sternum and heart (pericardium)
  • contains the thymus gland
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9
Q

Inferior mediastinum - middle

A
  • contains the heart and roots of the great vessels
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10
Q

Inferior mediastinum - posterior

A
  • betweent he heart (pericardium) and vertebral column
  • contains the thoracic aorta, inferior esophagus, azygous system
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11
Q

Thymus gland

A
  • lymphoid organ
  • important site of white blood cell (T cell) maturation; hormone production
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12
Q

openings of the diaphragm

A
  • inferior vena cava
  • esophagus
  • aorta
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13
Q

Conducting portion vs respirstory portion

A
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14
Q

conducting portion of lungs (passage of air) structures (9)

A
  • nasal cavity
  • pharynx
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • primary bronchi
  • secondaey bronchi
  • tertiary bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • terminal bronchioles
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15
Q

Where does he trachea bifurcate?

A

the carina

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16
Q

What does the trachea bifurcate into? (2)

A
  • left primary bronchi
  • right primary bronchi
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17
Q

what muscle is on the posterior side of the trachea?

A

the trachealis muscle

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18
Q

what surrounds the trachea?

A

c-shaped cartilage rings

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19
Q

what do the primary bronchi turn into?

A

secondary/lobar bronchi

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20
Q

how many lobar bronchi does the right side have? How many does the left side have?

A
  • right = 3
  • left = 2
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21
Q

What do the secondary/lobar bronchi turn into?

A

tertiary/segmental bronchi

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22
Q

How many tertiary/segmental bronchi do we have in each lung?

A

9-10 in each lung

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23
Q

what do the tertiary/segmental bronchi do?

A

each supplies a bronchopulmonary segment

24
Q

Each lung has an apex (top) and base. What does the left lung have that the right lung does not?

A

cardiac notch (the heart is on the left side)

25
Q

Gross anatomy of the right lung

A
  • superior lob
  • horizontal fissure
  • middel lobe
  • oblique fissure
  • inferior lobe
26
Q

Gross anatomy of the left lung

A
  • superior lobe
  • cardiac notch
  • oblique fissure
  • inferior lobe
27
Q

what do the hilum cotains? (3)

A
  • pulmonary artery
  • pulmonary vein
  • bronchus
27
Q

Lung hilum

A

both right and left lung has a hila

28
Q

pleural membranes

A
  • parietal pleura (superior to parietal pleura)
  • visceral pleura (superior to lungs, deep to parietal pleura)
28
Q

Parietal pleura

A

covers the inner surface of the thoracic wall and extends over diaphragm and mediastinum

29
Q

Visceral pleura

A

covers the outer surfaces of the lungs; extends into th fissures between lobes

30
Q

Pleural cavity/space

A
  • potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura
  • contains a small amount of pleural fluid (lubricates pleural surface to reduce friction during lung inflation and deflation)
30
Q

respiratoy portion of lungs (3)

A
  • respiratory bronchioles
  • alveolar ducts
  • alveoli & alveolar sacs
31
Q

alveoli & alveolar sacs

A
  • each alveolar duct ends in an expanded region known as alveolar sac
  • alveolar sacs aer made up of cluster of alveoli (main site of gas exchange)
31
Q

How many alveoli does each lung have?

A

approximately 150 million

31
Q

Alveoli

A
  • primary site of gas exchange (O2 into bloodstream, CO2 out of bloodstream)
  • extensive capillary network surrounds each aveolus
  • elastic fibers surround alveoli which facilitate stretch & recoil during gas exchange
32
Q

plmonary arteries function

A

carry deoxygenated blood from the rigth ventricle of the heart to the lungs

33
Q

pulmonary veins function

A

carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart (left atrium)

34
Q

Where do the pulmonary arteries and vens enter and exit the lungs via…?

A

the respective hilum

35
Q

branches of the pulmonary arteries & veins surround the alveoli of the lungs to…

A

facilitate gas exchange

36
Q

what nerves innervate the diaphragm?

A

left and right phrenic nerves

36
Q

Bronchial arteries

A

carry oxygenated blood to the lungs and bronchi and drain into the azygous system

37
Q

Autonomic innervation of the lungs

A
  • sympathetic innervation: bronchodilation
  • parasympathetic innervation: bronchoconstriction
37
Q

Pressure and volume

A

inversely related

38
Q

mechanisms of breathing: inspiration -secondary muscles

A
  • external intercostal muscles (elevate ribs)
38
Q

mechanisms of breathing: inspiration - primary muscle

A
  • diaphragm (contracts and flattens)
38
Q

Pressure and volume: inspiration

A
  • as lung volume increases, pressure in lungs decreases relative to atmopheric pressure
  • air is drawn into the lungs
38
Q

Pressure and volume: expiration

A
  • as lung volume decreases, pressure in the lungs increases relative toatmospheric pressure
  • air flows out of the lungs
39
Q

mechanisms of breathing - inspiration

A
  • expansion of the chest cavity in 3 dimensions
  • decreased pressure pulls air into the lungs
40
Q

mechanisms of breathing - expiration

A

elastic recoil of the alveoli
- decreases thoracic & lung volume
- increased pressure expels air from the lungs

41
Q

mechanisms of breathing: expiration - primary muscle

A
  • diaphragm (relaxes, structures return to pre-inspiration position)
41
Q

Q
mechanisms of breathing: expiration -secondary muscles

A
  • internal intercostal muscles (depress ribs)
41
Q

Exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood takes place by ____ across the _____ and _____ ____

A
  • diffusion
  • avleolar
  • capillary walls
42
Q

O2 and CO2 move between alveolar air and blood via a _____ _____

A

diffusion gradiant

42
Q

O2 enters the _______ ______

A

respiratory portion (inspiration)

43
Q

O2 diffuses from the _____ across the _______ _______ into the _________, where it can bind to the ____ and trasnported around the ______

A
  • alveolus
  • repiratory membrane
  • capillary
  • RBCs
  • body
44
Q

CO2 is expelled via ___

A

expiration

44
Q

CO2 diffuses acrss the repiratory membrane into the ____

A

alveolus

ANAT 316 Term 1 (22 decks)

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