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ANAT 316 Term 1 > Lecture 4 - Neuroanatomy II > Flashcards

Lecture 4 - Neuroanatomy II Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three sturctures that make up the diencephalon? (from superior to inferior)

A
  • The epithalamus
  • the thalamus
  • the hypothalamus
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2
Q

What does the diencephalon surround?

A

the 3rd ventricle

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3
Q

What is the epithalamus surrounded by?

A

the cerebral hemispheres

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4
Q

What is the biggest structure in the diencephalon and what % of it does it comprise?

A

the thalamus, 80%

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5
Q

What bridges the two paired oval masses of grey matter (of nuclei) that make up the thalamus?

A

interthalamic adhesion

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6
Q

What surrounds the thalamus? What is it and what does it do?

A

internal capsule, thick band of white matter that allows info to go from thalamus to cerebral cortex

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7
Q

What are the roles of the thalamus?

A
  • major relay centre for sensory impulses (excpet smell)
  • transmits info from cerebellum to primary motor cortex of cerebrum (plays role in motor function)
  • rlays nerve impulses from different areas of the cerebrum
  • plays role in regulation of autonomic activities and staying conscious
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8
Q

What are the roles of the hypothalamus?

A
  • one of the major regulators of homeostasis
  • produces hormone to act on the pituitary gland
  • regulates emotional & behavioural patterns (with limbic system)
  • plays a role in regulation of eating and drinking, control of body temp and sarcadian rhythms
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9
Q

What branches of the hypothalamus? and what bridges them?

A

the pituitary gland, the infundibulum (aka infundibular/pituitary stalk)

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10
Q

What are the 2 structures of the epithalamus?

A
  • the habenular nuclei
  • the pineal gland
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11
Q

what does the habenular nuclei do?

A

its involved in the sense of smell and emotions to odour

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12
Q

what does the pineal gland do?

A

its part of the endorcrine system and it releases melatonine which is a hormone

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13
Q

What three structures make up the brainstem? from superior to inferior

A
  • the midbrain
  • the pons
  • the medulla oblangata
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14
Q

What is the medulla oblangata a continuation of?

A

the superior part of the spinal cord

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15
Q

What are the borders of the medulla oblongata?

A

begins at foramen magnum (of skull) and extends to inferior border of pons (the pontomedullary junction)

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16
Q

What does the medulla oblangata contain?

A

all sensory (ascending) and motor (descending) tracts that connect the spinal cord to the brain

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17
Q

What are the two prominents bulges on the anterior aspect of the medulla called?

A

pyramids

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18
Q

What attached the two pyramids?

A

decussation of pyramids

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19
Q

What percent of axons pass from one pyramid to the other?

A

90%

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20
Q

What does the crossing of axons between pyramids explain?

A

It explains why the left side of our brain controls the right side of our body and vice versa

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21
Q

What do the pyramids contain?

A

several nuclei which plau an important role on the regulation of heart rate, blood vessel diameter, basic rhythm of breathing, reflexes for vomitting, coughning and sneezing

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22
Q

What control center does the pons contain?

A

the control center for respiration

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23
Q

What are the borders of the midbrain?

A

extends from pons up to diencephalon

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24
Q

What is the midbrain involved in?

A

auditory and visual pathway

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25
Q

What is the posterior aspect of the midbrain that we can see called?

A

The tectum

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26
Q

What are the two stuctures within the tectum?

A
  • superior colliculi
  • inferior colliculi
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27
Q

What does the superior colliculi do?

A

reflex center for visual activities

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28
Q

What does the inferior colliculi do?

A

reflex center for auditory pathway (from ear to thalamus)

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29
Q

How many cranail nerves are there?

A

12 pairs

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30
Q

What sentence can be used to rememeber the order fo the cranial nerves?

A

Oh Once One Takes The Anatomy Final Very Good Vacations Are Heavenly

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31
Q

What is the I cranial nerve, what type of nerve is it, what does it do, and where does it exit?

A
  • Olfactory
  • sensory
  • olfaction (smell)
  • exits at cribriform plate
32
Q

What is the II cranial nerve, what type of nerve is it, what does it do, and where does it exit?

A
  • Optic
  • sensory
  • vison (sight)
  • exits at optic canal
33
Q

What is the III cranial nerve, what type of nerve is it, what does it do, and where does it exit?

A
  • Oculomotor
  • motor
  • movement of the eyeballs
  • exits at orbital fissure
34
Q

What is the IV cranial nerve, what type of nerve is it, what does it do, and where does it exit?

A
  • Trochlear
  • motor
  • movement of the eyeballs
  • exits at optic canal
35
Q

What is the V cranial nerve, what type of nerve is it, what does it do, and where does it exit?

A
  • Trigeminal
  • both
  • sesnory innervation to the face, motor innervation to muscles of mastication (chewing)
  • has three main divisions/branches
    • ophthalmic branch (exits at superior ortibal fissure)
    • maxillary branch (exits at foramen rotundum)
    • mandibular branch (exits at foramen ovale)
36
Q

What is the VI cranial nerve, what type of nerve is it, what does it do, and where does it exit?

A
  • Adbucens
  • motor
  • movement of the eyballs
  • exits at the superior ortibal fissure
37
Q

What is the VII cranial nerve, what type of nerve is it, what does it do, and where does it exit?

A
  • Facial
  • both
  • control muscles of facial expression, taste for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
  • exits at the stylomastoid foramen
38
Q

What is the VIII cranial nerve, what type of nerve is it, what does it do, and where does it exit?

A
  • Vestibulchlear
  • sensory
  • hearing and equilibrium
  • exits at the internal acoustic/auditory meatus
39
Q

What is the IX cranial nerve, what type of nerve is it, what does it do, and where does it exit?

A
  • Glossopharyngeal
  • both
  • taste for posterior 1/3 tongue
  • exits at jugular foramen
40
Q

What is the X cranial nerve, what type of nerve is it, what does it do, and where does it exit?

A
  • Vagus
  • both
  • autonomic regulation
  • exits at jugular foramen
41
Q

What is the XI cranial nerve, what type of nerve is it, what does it do, and where does it exit?

A
  • Accessory
  • motor
  • innervation of trapezius and sternocleidomastoif muscles
  • exits at foramen magnum
42
Q

What is the XII cranial nerve, what type of nerve is it, what does it do, and where does it exit?

A
  • Hypoglossal
  • motor
  • speech, manipulation of food, swallowing
43
Q

What Sentence can you use to remmeber what kind of nerve each nerve is? (sensory, motor or both)

A

Some Say Money Matters But My Brother Says Big Braisn Matter More

44
Q

What is the spinal cord made up of?

A

nerve cells/groups of nerves

45
Q

Why does the spinal cord require so much protextion?

A

because the nervous tissue is very delicaate and doesnt deal well with injury/damage

46
Q

What is the spinacl cord protected by?

A
  • vertebral column (ts like the skull of the spinal cord if the spinal cord was the brain)
  • spinal meninges
  • cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
47
Q

What are the main functions of the spinal cord?

A
  • carry messages to/from the brain and the rest of the body
    • send motor commands from brain to body
    • send sensory info from body to brain
    • coordinate reflexes
48
Q

What are the 5 sections of vertebrae of the spinal cord and how many vertebra are in each section?

A
  • cervical (7)
  • thoracic (12)
  • lumbar (5)
  • fused sacral (5)
  • fused coccygeal (4)
49
Q

Where does the spinal cord pass through in vertebrae?

A

the vertebral foramen

50
Q

What are the three spinal meninges (from deep to superficial)

A
  • pia matter
  • arachnoid matter
  • dura mater
51
Q

What are the 3 spaces between the meninges? (from deep to superficial)

A
  • subarachnoid space
  • sudural space
  • epidural space
52
Q

What layers is the subarachnoid space between?

A
  • between pia and arachnoid
  • contains CFS
53
Q

What layers is the subdural space between?

A

betweem arachnoid and dura

54
Q

What layers is the epidural space between?

A

between dura and vertebral canal

55
Q

What do the denticulate ligaments do?

A

suspend spinal cord in dural sheath

56
Q

What are the two spinal cord enlargments?

A
  • cervical enlargment
  • lumbosacral enlargment
57
Q

Where is the cervial emlargment and what does it do?

A
  • C4-T1
    supplies upper extremities
58
Q

Where is the lumbosacral emlargment and what does it do?

A
  • T9-T12
  • supplies lower extremities
59
Q

Where does the spinal cord start and end?

A

the medulla oblangada to superior border of L2

60
Q

What is the conus medullaris?

A
  • termination of the spinal cord
  • located between first and second lumbar vertebrae (L1-L2)
61
Q

What is the filum terminale?

A
  • extension of the pia mater
  • attaches the spinal cord to the coccyx
62
Q

What is the cauda equina?

A
  • lumbar, sacral and coccygeal spinal nerves
  • “horses tail”
63
Q

What are the 5 internal structures of the spinal cord

A
  • posterior median sulcus
  • anterior median fissure
  • white matter
  • grey matter
  • central canal
64
Q

What does the white matter of the spinal cord consist of?

A
  • bundles of mielinated axons, sensory neurons, interneurons and upper/lower motor neurons
65
Q

What are the three funiculi of the white matter?

A
  • posterior funiculus
  • lateral funiculus
  • anterior funiculus
66
Q

What do each funiculi contain?

A
  • distinct bundles of axons that have common origin or destination and carry similar information
67
Q

What does the grey matter of the spinal cord consist of?

A
  • cell bodies, neuronss, neuroglia, unmielinated axons, dendrites of interneurons, motor neurons
  • grey matter is subdivided into regions called horns
68
Q

What are the three horns of the grey matter?

A
  • posterior horn
  • lateral horn
  • anterior horn
69
Q

Posterior horn

A
  • sensory
  • contains cell bodies and xons of interneurons and axons of incoming sensory neurons
70
Q

Lateral horn

A
  • involuntary
  • contains cel bodies of autonomic motor nuclei (regulate activity of smooth cardiac muscle and glands)
71
Q

anterior horn

A
  • motor (volunatry)
  • contaisn somatic motor nuclei
72
Q

In the grey matter, clusters of neuronal cell bodies will form function groups called nuclei.. what are the two groups of nuclei?

A
  • sensory
  • motor
73
Q

What do the sensory nuclei do?

A

receive input from receptors via sensory neurons

74
Q

What do the motor nuclei do?

A

provide output to effector tissue via motor neurons (ex: skeletal muscle)

75
Q

What is the central canal?

A
  • it contains CSF
  • extends the entire length of the spinal cord
  • is located right in the middle of the spinal cord
76
Q

Information tracks of spinal cord

A
  • sensory info is ascending (up to brain)
  • motor is descending (from brain)

ANAT 316 Term 1 (22 decks)

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