Lecture 7 Reasoning And Intelligence Flashcards
Reasoning
Drawing conclusions or inferences from observations, facts, and assumptions
What is heuristic reasoning?
A rule of turns that guidesproblem solving but does not guarantee optimal solution (Doctor deciding on best treatment course)
What is dialectical reasoning?
A process in which opposing facts or ideas one weighted and compared to determine the best possible solution or resolve to differences
Barriers to rational thinking
Exaggerating the importance,
the connection fallacy,
framing effects,
sunkost fallacy,
hindsight bias,
the conformation bias
Define exaggerating the improbable
Availability Heuristic: the tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easily it is to think of examples or instances
Define the Conjunction Fallacy
the tendency for people to think two events are more likely to occur together then either individual event
define framing effects
the tendency for people to give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrase or framed (assigning different value to something)
Define Sunkcost Fallacy
the tendency of people to make decisions about current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation
Define Hindsight Bias
the tendency to overestimate ones ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known
Define confirmation bias
the tendency to pay attention only to information that confirms ones beliefs
what is cognitive dissonance
the state of tension tat occurs when a person holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent or when a persons belief in incongruent with his behavior
you are more likely to reduce dissonance when…
you need to justify a choice or decision you freely made
you need to justify a behavior that conflicts with our view or ourselves
you need to justify the effort you put into a decision or choice
define intelligence
a mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances and learn from their experiences
what did Alfred Binet do?
developed the first objective test aiming to give unbiased assessment of a child’s ability
Determined “mental age”
What did lewis terman do
modified Binet’s test for american children and created the Stanford-Binet intelligence Scale (1916)
