lecture 13- psychological disorders Flashcards
define psychological disorders
disorders reflecting abnormalities of the mind
what is the medical model
the conceptualization of psychological abnormalities as diseases that, like biological diseases, have symptoms, causes, and possible cures.
- diagnosis, symptoms, sydrome
what is the intervention-causation fallacy
if the treatment is effective, it must address the cause of the problem
what is the DSM-V
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
–A classification system describing diagnostic criteria, symptoms, ways to distinguish one disorder from another
(5 or more symptoms over a 2 week period)
for each disorder the DSM-V gives
Most common sx
Typical age of onset
Predisposing factors
Course of disorder
Prevalence of disorders
Sex ratio
Cultural issues
what is comorbidity
the co-occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual
what is the WHODAS
World Health Organization Disability Assessment Scale
36 item, self administered measure of illness disability over past 30 days, applicable to any illness
problems with DSM-V
Danger of overdiagnosis
does it follow you forever
confusion with serious mental disorder
illusion of objectivity and universality
What is the diathesis-stress model
a model suggestion that a person may be predisposed for a mental disorder that remains unexpressed until triggered by stress (nature and nurture)
3 anxiety disorders
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
Panic Disorder (PD)
Phobias
- Specific phobia
- social phobia
Symptoms of GAD
Long lasting feelings of apprehension and doom
Chronic Excessive worry accompanied of at least 3 of the following
- restlessness or keyed up or on edge fatigue
- concentration problems or mind goes blank
- irritability
- muscle tension
- sleep disturbance
Symptoms of Panic Disorder
Panic Disorder: recurrent attacks of intense fear/panic/terror
attack followed by persistent concern about having another attack
worry about implications of attack
significant change of behavior related to attacks
define agoraphobia
fear of public spaces
define panic attack
discrete period of time of panic in which 4 or more symptoms develop quickly and reach peak by about 10 minutes
Phobic disorders
disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear and avoidance of specific objects, activities or situations
- specific phobia
- social phobia
What is preparedness theory
humans are biologically prepared to learn to fear objects and situations that threatened the survival of the species throughout its evolutionary history
What is social phobia
irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarrassed
OCD
Obsessions: recurrent, persistent, unwanted thoughts or images
Compulsions: repetitive, ritualized, stereotypes behaviors that person feels must be carries out the avoid disaster
What is post traumatic stress disorder?
negative alterations in cognitions or mood
alterations in arousal and reactivity
what are depressive disorders
characterized by extreme and persistent periods or depressed mood
major depression
5 or more symptoms over 2 week period, must have depressed mood or loss of interest previously pleasurable activities
dysthymia
the same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression but they are less severe and last longer (at least 2 years)
Double depression
periodic major depression and dysthymia
postpartum depression
after giving birth; biological, social and responsibility changes, lack of sleep/support
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern
possible causes of depression
genetics
low serotonin
brain structure differences (correlated but not causal)
stress, trauma
Helplessness theory: attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal, stable and global
beck’s cognitive triad
self, future, world
cognitive behavior therapy triable
thoughts, behavior, emotions
risk factors of suicide
HOPELESSNESS
bipolar disorder
an unstable emotional condition, characterized by cycles os abnormal persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
three types:
Bipolar 1: major depression + manic
Bipolar 2: major depression + hypomanic episode
Rapid cycling BD; 4 mood episodes
what is a manic episode
abnormally high state os exhilaration, feeling powerful, full of plans based on delusional ideas, impulsive high risk behavior
dissociative disorder
a condition in which normal cognitive processes are severely disjointed and fragmented, creating significant disruptions in memory, awareness or personality that can vary in length from a matter of minutes to many years
dissociative identity disorder
presence within an individual of two or more distinct identities
that, at different times, take control of the individual’s behavior.
Schizophrenia
personality loses its unity”, a
disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior.
5 types of schizophrenia
- Paranoia is a pattern of behavior where a person feels distrustful and suspicious of other people and acts accordingly
- catatonic: striking motor behaviour, typically involving either significant reductions in voluntary movement or hyperactivity and agitation
- disorganized: disorganized behavior and speech as well as disturbance in emotional expression
- undifferentiated: rapidly changing mixture of all symptoms
- residual: mild indication of schizophrenia shown by individuals on remission following a schizophrenic episode
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
delusions
hallucinations
disorganized, incoherent speech
disorganized behaviors
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
emotional flatness
cant speak fluently
can’t care for self
catatonic stupor
what causes schizophrenia
Dopamine hypothesis: original hypothesis: produces more dopamine; after further research: abnormally high number of D2 receptors
brain structure: enlarged ventricles, brain tissue loss
genetic predisposition
stress model
prenatal environment
personality disorder
characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible patterns of thinking, feeling of relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning
