Lecture 6

Question 1

in what ways does learning occur

Answer 1

classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning, implicit learning

Question 2

Learning

Answer 2

an acquisition, from experience, of new knowledge, skills or responses that result in relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
(can be conscious and deliberate or unconscious)

Question 3

behaviorism

Answer 3

all behavior is learned from the environment, focuses on observable behaviors, not internal events (emotions, thoughts)

Question 4

What is classical conditioning?

Answer 4

when neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response

Question 5

What are the four components of classical conditioning

Answer 5

unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response

Question 6

What is unconditioned stimulus?

Answer 6

a stimulus that leads to an automatic response. (the food was the unconditioned stimulus.)

Question 7

What is an unconditioned response?

Answer 7

an unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus (The dogs salivating for food is the unconditioned response)

Question 8

What is a conditioned stimulus?

Answer 8

when a neutral object, action, or person is connected to a specific response over time (the ringing of the bell)

Question 9

what is an conditioned response?

Answer 9

an automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus. (salivating at the ring of the bell)

Question 10

what are the 6 principles of classical conditioning?

Answer 10

Acquisition,
stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination,
higher order conditioning
extinction
spontaneous recovery

Question 11

Acquisition

Answer 11

period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus

Question 12

Stimulus generalization

Answer 12

when a stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response (ring a different bell –> still salivate)

Question 13

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 13

the tendency to respond differently to 2 or greater stimuli

Question 14

Higher order conditioning

Answer 14

A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus when a paired with an already established conditioned stimulus

Question 15

extinction

Answer 15

the decrease or disappearance of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimuli.

Question 16

spontaneous recovery

Answer 16

the reappearance of a Conditioned Response (CR) that has been extinguished

Question 17

What did John B. Waston say?

Answer 17

Entire array of rich human emotions and behavior can be accounted for by conditioning principles

Question 18

What does Classical Conditioning induce

Answer 18

Learning to Fear and learning to like

Question 19

The case of Little Albert

Answer 19

9 months
associated a loud noise (UR) with a white rat (CS) to elicit fear (CR)
also showed stimulus generalization in fear responses to similar stimuli
(fear can be learned just as any other behavior)

Question 20

The cognitive elements of classical conditioning

Answer 20

only occurs when an animal has learned to set up an expectation
easier when the CS is an unfamiliar event that a familiar on (on pre-exisiting expectations)

Question 21

operant conditioning

Answer 21

a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future
reinforcements from the environment

Question 22

law of effect

Answer 22

behaviors followed by pleasant or rewarding consequences are more likely to be repeated

Question 23

consequences of operant conditioning

Answer 23

neutral consequence
reinforcer
punisher

Question 24

neutral consequence

Answer 24

neither increase nor decreases the probability that something will occur

Question 25

punisher

Answer 25

weakens behavior or makes it less likely to occur (positive/negative punishment)

Question 26

reinforcer

Answer 26

strengthens a behavior or makes it more likely to occur (positive/negative reinforcement)

Question 27

primary reinforcer

Answer 27

inherently reinforcing, satisfy physiological needs
(food and water –> punisher: pain, extreme heat/cold)

Question 28

secondary reinforcer

Answer 28

learned: associated with primary reinforcers through classical conditioning
(money and gold star –> fines and bad grades)

Question 29

overjustification effect

Answer 29

circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behaviour

Question 30

positive reinforcement

Answer 30

rewarding a positive behavior in order to encourage it to happen again in the future

Question 31

negative reinforcement

Answer 31

when something unpleasant or uncomfortable is removed or taken away in order to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior

Question 32

positive punishment

Answer 32

when you add a consequence to unwanted behavior

Question 33

what are the principles of operant conditioning

Answer 33

stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
discriminative stimulus
extinction \

Question 34

stimulus generalization

Answer 34

a behavior that has been reinforced/punished in presence of one stimulus, will/will not occur in the presence of other similar stimuli

Question 35

stimulus discrimination

Answer 35

behavior will/will not occur in presence of stimuli that differ from initial reinforced/punished stimuli

Question 36

discriminative stimulus

Answer 36

is one that is associated with reinforcement
-may come rigth before a stimulus

Question 37

extinction

Answer 37

the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response
(when response is no longer reinforced)

Question 38

schedules of reinforcement

Answer 38

• when/how an organism is reinforced for a particular behavior
  - interval
  - ratio
  -continuous reinforcement: all responses are reinforced
  -intermittent reinforcement: only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement

Question 39

Fixed interval schedule (FI)

Answer 39

reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made

Question 40

variable interval schedule (VI)

Answer 40

reinforcements are based on an average time that has expired since that last reinforcement

Question 41

fixed ratio schedule (FR)

Answer 41

reinforcements are presented after a specific number of responses have been made

Question 42

variable ratio schedule (VR)

Answer 42

reinforcements are based on a particular average number of responses

Question 43

how does a operant conditioning fail

Answer 43

over used, causes fear, person specific, conveys little information on appropriate behavior, may actually reinforce behavior

Question 44

observational learning

Answer 44

learning takes place by watching the actions of others