Lecture 6 Flashcards
in what ways does learning occur
classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning, implicit learning
Learning
an acquisition, from experience, of new knowledge, skills or responses that result in relatively permanent change in the state of the learner
(can be conscious and deliberate or unconscious)
behaviorism
all behavior is learned from the environment, focuses on observable behaviors, not internal events (emotions, thoughts)
What is classical conditioning?
when neutral stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response
What are the four components of classical conditioning
unconditioned stimulus
unconditioned response
conditioned stimulus
conditioned response
What is unconditioned stimulus?
a stimulus that leads to an automatic response. (the food was the unconditioned stimulus.)
What is an unconditioned response?
an unlearned response that occurs naturally in reaction to the unconditioned stimulus (The dogs salivating for food is the unconditioned response)
What is a conditioned stimulus?
when a neutral object, action, or person is connected to a specific response over time (the ringing of the bell)
what is an conditioned response?
an automatic response established by training to an ordinarily neutral stimulus. (salivating at the ring of the bell)
what are the 6 principles of classical conditioning?
Acquisition,
stimulus generalization, stimulus discrimination,
higher order conditioning
extinction
spontaneous recovery
Acquisition
period of initial learning in classical conditioning in which a human or an animal begins to connect a neutral stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus
Stimulus generalization
when a stimulus that resembles the conditioned stimulus elicits the conditioned response (ring a different bell –> still salivate)
Stimulus Discrimination
the tendency to respond differently to 2 or greater stimuli
Higher order conditioning
A neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus when a paired with an already established conditioned stimulus
extinction
the decrease or disappearance of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimuli.
spontaneous recovery
the reappearance of a Conditioned Response (CR) that has been extinguished
What did John B. Waston say?
Entire array of rich human emotions and behavior can be accounted for by conditioning principles
What does Classical Conditioning induce
Learning to Fear and learning to like
The case of Little Albert
9 months
associated a loud noise (UR) with a white rat (CS) to elicit fear (CR)
also showed stimulus generalization in fear responses to similar stimuli
(fear can be learned just as any other behavior)
The cognitive elements of classical conditioning
only occurs when an animal has learned to set up an expectation
easier when the CS is an unfamiliar event that a familiar on (on pre-exisiting expectations)
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism’s behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future
reinforcements from the environment
law of effect
behaviors followed by pleasant or rewarding consequences are more likely to be repeated
consequences of operant conditioning
neutral consequence
reinforcer
punisher
neutral consequence
neither increase nor decreases the probability that something will occur
punisher
weakens behavior or makes it less likely to occur (positive/negative punishment)
reinforcer
strengthens a behavior or makes it more likely to occur (positive/negative reinforcement)
primary reinforcer
inherently reinforcing, satisfy physiological needs
(food and water –> punisher: pain, extreme heat/cold)
secondary reinforcer
learned: associated with primary reinforcers through classical conditioning
(money and gold star –> fines and bad grades)
overjustification effect
circumstances when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behaviour
positive reinforcement
rewarding a positive behavior in order to encourage it to happen again in the future
negative reinforcement
when something unpleasant or uncomfortable is removed or taken away in order to increase the likelihood of the desired behavior
positive punishment
when you add a consequence to unwanted behavior
what are the principles of operant conditioning
stimulus generalization
stimulus discrimination
discriminative stimulus
extinction \
stimulus generalization
a behavior that has been reinforced/punished in presence of one stimulus, will/will not occur in the presence of other similar stimuli
stimulus discrimination
behavior will/will not occur in presence of stimuli that differ from initial reinforced/punished stimuli
discriminative stimulus
is one that is associated with reinforcement
-may come rigth before a stimulus
extinction
the weakening and eventual disappearance of a learned response
(when response is no longer reinforced)
schedules of reinforcement
- when/how an organism is reinforced for a particular behavior
- interval
- ratio
-continuous reinforcement: all responses are reinforced
-intermittent reinforcement: only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement
Fixed interval schedule (FI)
reinforcements are presented at fixed time periods, provided that the appropriate response is made
variable interval schedule (VI)
reinforcements are based on an average time that has expired since that last reinforcement
fixed ratio schedule (FR)
reinforcements are presented after a specific number of responses have been made
variable ratio schedule (VR)
reinforcements are based on a particular average number of responses
how does a operant conditioning fail
over used, causes fear, person specific, conveys little information on appropriate behavior, may actually reinforce behavior
observational learning
learning takes place by watching the actions of others
