Lecture 10 - development

Question 1

Developmental psychology

Answer 1

the study of human growth and development

Question 2

Stages of development

Answer 2

Prenatal environment
infancy
childhood
adolescence
adulthood

Question 3

When is the prenatal stage

Answer 3

from conception to birth
- germinal stage (conception -> 2 weeks, zygote)
- embryonic stage (2 week -> 8 week, embryo)
- fetal stage ( 9 week -> birth, fetus)

Question 4

what links the mother’s bloodstream the developing embryo/fetus

Answer 4

placenta

Question 5

common teratogens

Answer 5

fetal alcohol syndrome: a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

smoking: higher risk of sudden unexpected death in infancy (SUDI), having weaker lungs and having an unhealthy low birth weight.

Question 6

Infancy

Answer 6

the stage of development that begins at birth and last generally. until baby is walking (motor development)

Question 7

Motor development

Answer 7

the emergence of the ability to execute physical action
reflexes: specific patterns of sensory stimulation. for infancy: rooting reflex and sucking reflex (helps with feeding)

Question 8

cognitive development

Answer 8

the emergence of the ability to understand the world

Question 9

Piagets stages of development

Answer 9

Sensorimotor stage (birth-infacny)
Preoperational stage (2-6 years)
concrete operational stage (6-11 years)
formal operational stage (11-adulthood)

Question 10

What develops during the sensorimotor stage?

Answer 10

schemas: a knowledge structure that allows babies to interpret and understand the world around them
object permanence: you know an object or person still exists even when they are hidden and you can’t see or hear them

Question 11

what develops during the preoperational stage?

Answer 11

egocentrism -> perspective
a child’s thinking is self-centered and shifts to have a different perspective

Question 12

What develops during the concrete operational stage?

Answer 12

conservation: something can stay the same in quantity even though it looks different

Question 13

what develops during formal operational stage?

Answer 13

Logic, reasoning, abstract thinking, hypotheticals

Question 14

What did Vygotsky have to say about culture and cognitive development?

Answer 14

Socio-cultural tools exert strong influence on cognitive development

Question 15

what is the zone of proximal development (Vygotsky)

Answer 15

the distance between what a learner can do with help and without help

Question 16

what is required for learning? (Vygotsky)

Answer 16

social interactions and communication

Question 17

what is social referencing? (Vygotsky)

Answer 17

the process wherein infants use the affective displays of an adult to regulate their behaviors

Question 18

joint attention (Vygotsky)

Answer 18

at 9-15 months, babies can direct their attention to a point in space in which another’s eyes are directed

Question 19

private speech (Vygotsky)

Answer 19

spontaneous self-directed talk in which a person “thinks aloud,” particularly as a means of regulating cognitive processes and guiding behavior

Question 20

Current view of cognitive development

Answer 20

-Cognitive abilities develop in continuous, overlapping waves (not stages)
- preschoolers are not as egocentric as piaget thought
- children understand more than Piaget thought
cognitive development is greatly affected by culture
- Piaget overestimated the cognitive abilities of some adults

Question 21

Harlow’s Baby Rhesus Monkey experiment

Answer 21

preferred soft cloth monkey over wire monkey with food
shows attachment: the emotional bond that forms between newborns and their primary caregivers

Question 22

what happened without attachment

Answer 22

there can be negative effects sometimes brain damage

Question 23

what is the ainsworth’s strange situation test

Answer 23

mom playing with kid, stranger comes in, mom leaves and baby freaks, mom comes back and stranger leaves

what happens at reunion tells you about the relationship of the mom and kid

Question 24

how does a secure attachment show up in the ainsworth’s strange situation test

Answer 24

kid is calmed by mom right away

Question 25

how does an insecure attachment show up in the ainsworth’s strange situation test

Answer 25

baby is not calmed by mother

Question 26

types of insecure attachment

Answer 26

avoidant - totally ignores parent and won’t calm down
ambivalent - cries and cant calm down after parent comes back (sign of inconsistent parenting - creis bc kid wants to be held)
disorganized - not well understood

Question 27

what is the internal working model of attachment

Answer 27

a set of expectations about how the primary caregiver will respond when the child feels insecure

Question 28

what are temperaments

Answer 28

characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity (genetic factor)

Question 29

what are the three temperaments

Answer 29

easy/flexible
difficult/feisty
slow to warm/cautious

Question 30

moral development model (piaget)

Answer 30

Moral thinking shifts (Piaget):
–from realism to relativism.
(Moral rules are real truths about the world Moral rules are
inventions and groups of people can adopt, change or abandon
them)

–from prescriptions to principles.
(Moral rules are guidelines for specific actions in specific situations
moral rules are expressions of more general principles (fairness/equality))

–from outcomes to intentions.
(Unintentional acts that cause much harm are worse than intentional
acts that cause mild harm Morality of action is critically dependent
on person’s state of mind and intentions)

Question 31

what is the hienz dilemma

Answer 31

a story about an ethical dilemma faced by a character named Heinz that was used by Lawrence Kohlberg to assess the moral reasoning skills of those he asked to respond to it. Having exhausted every other possibility, Heinz must decide whether to steal an expensive drug that offers the only hope of saving his dying wife

Question 32

current understanding of moral development

Answer 32

-shifts from punishment -> social rule -> ethical principles
- not discrete stages but variable
-kids develop empathy younger than kohlberg thought
- people believe differently based on situation (context in important)
- theoretical morality is different than how people actually act

Question 33

what is power assertion

Answer 33

used to enforce punishment and authority to correct child’s misbehavior
problems: not very effective, higher rates of aggression/depression/anxiety, lower moral development, teaching aggression

Question 34

what is induction

Answer 34

parents appeal to child’s good nature, empathy, love for parent and sense of responsibility and offer explanation for rules -> child internalizes and is more considerate of others

Question 35

when does adolescence begin

Answer 35

begins with the onset of sexual maturity (11-14) and lasts until the beginning of adulthood (18-21)

Question 36

puberty

Answer 36

the bodily changes associated with sexual maturity (primary and secondary sex characteristics)

Question 37

adolescent brain development

Answer 37

brain continues to develop through mid twenties, especially the prefrontal cortex

Question 38

boys vs girls

Answer 38

boys externalize problems as aggression
girls internalize problems by withdrawing or developing EDs