lecture 5

Question 1

definition of memory

Answer 1

the ability to store and retrieve information over time

Question 2

How does one master memory

Answer 2

encode, store, retrieve

Question 3

definition of encoding

Answer 3

transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory

Question 4

definition of storage

Answer 4

maintain information in memory over time

Question 5

definition of retrieval

Answer 5

bring to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored

Question 6

what are the three types of encoding

Answer 6

elaborative - link new knowledge with current memory (semantic judgement –> search for meaning)
visual - mental pictures
organizational - notice relationships

Question 7

What is transience

Answer 7

forgetting what occurs with the passage of time
occurs during the storage phase of memory
mind fills with what probably happened

Question 8

what is absentmindedness

Answer 8

a lapse in attention that results in memory failure
usually happens when you have divided attention

Question 9

what is prospective memory

Answer 9

remembering to do things in the future

Question 10

what is blocking

Answer 10

a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it (tip-of-the-tongue)

Question 11

what is bias

Answer 11

distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences

Question 12

what is consistency bias

Answer 12

when you recreate the past to match the future

Question 13

what is change bias

Answer 13

exaggerated the difference for what we feel and believe now and what we felt and believed in the past

Question 14

definition of persistence

Answer 14

the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we forget

Question 14

what is egocentric bias

Answer 14

the tendency to rely too heavily on one’s own perspective and/or have a higher opinion of oneself than reality

Question 15

what are flashbulb memories

Answer 15

detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events

Question 16

what is memory misattribution

Answer 16

assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
(eyewitness error)

Question 17

what is source memory

Answer 17

recall of when, where and how information was acquired

Question 18

what is memory storage

Answer 18

the process of maintaining information in memory over time (sensory storage, short-term storage, long-term storage)

Question 19

what is the serial position effect

Answer 19

when people try to recall a list of similar items immediately after learning it, they tend to remember the first (primary effect) and the last items (recency effect) the best

Question 20

what is sensory storage

Answer 20

the place in which sensory memory is kept for a few seconds or less

Question 20

what is iconic memory

Answer 20

the visual sensory memory register pertaining to the visual domain and a fast-decaying store of visual information

Question 21

what is echoic memory

Answer 21

the sensory memory that registers specific to auditory information

Question 22

what is short-term memory store

Answer 22

a place where non-sensory information is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute

Question 23

what is working memory

Answer 23

-STM and LTM information used to interpret/manipulate/process
-7 bits of information at one time
-information either moves to LTM or decay and lost forever

Question 24

how does information move from short term to long term memory

Answer 24

rehearsal and chunking

Question 25

what is long term storage

Answer 25

a place in which information can be kept for minutes to decades
-unlimited capacity
- can be used to process sensory information
-can be used to process STM

Question 26

biological mechanism of Long term memory

Answer 26

sending neurotransmitters across the synapse od 2 communicating neurons changes the synapse by strengthening the connection (makes the communication easier next time)

Question 27

what is long-term potentiation (LTP)

Answer 27

long lasting increase in strength of synaptic responsiveness

Question 28

what is suggestibility

Answer 28

the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal reflections

Question 29

what is the contents of LTM

Answer 29

explicit and implicit memory

Question 29

what is explicit memory

Answer 29

the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts
(semantic and episodic)

Question 30

what is semantic memory

Answer 30

independant of context

Question 31

what is episodic memory

Answer 31

set in time and place

Question 32

what is implicit memory

Answer 32

the influence of past experiences on later behavior and performance, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them
(priming and procedural memory)

Question 33

priming

Answer 33

occurs when a person is exposed to one stimulus, then later reacts to a similar stimulus without consciously recalling why

Question 34

procedural memory

Answer 34

knowing how to do things

Question 35

what are the two types of memory loss

Answer 35

anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia

Question 36

what is retrieval

Answer 36

bring to mind information that had been previously encoded and stored

Question 37

what is a retrieval cue

Answer 37

external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind
-hint
-encoding specificity principle ( a little reminder)
-state-dependant retrieval ( put in the same state as during encoding)

Question 38

memory failures

Answer 38

transience, absentmindedness, blocking, bias, persistence, memory misattribution, suggestibility