lecture 5 Flashcards
definition of memory
the ability to store and retrieve information over time
How does one master memory
encode, store, retrieve
definition of encoding
transform what we perceive, think, or feel into an enduring memory
definition of storage
maintain information in memory over time
definition of retrieval
bring to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored
what are the three types of encoding
elaborative - link new knowledge with current memory (semantic judgement –> search for meaning)
visual - mental pictures
organizational - notice relationships
What is transience
forgetting what occurs with the passage of time
occurs during the storage phase of memory
mind fills with what probably happened
what is absentmindedness
a lapse in attention that results in memory failure
usually happens when you have divided attention
what is prospective memory
remembering to do things in the future
what is blocking
a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it (tip-of-the-tongue)
what is bias
distorting influences of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences
what is consistency bias
when you recreate the past to match the future
what is change bias
exaggerated the difference for what we feel and believe now and what we felt and believed in the past
definition of persistence
the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we forget
what is egocentric bias
the tendency to rely too heavily on one’s own perspective and/or have a higher opinion of oneself than reality
what are flashbulb memories
detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events
what is memory misattribution
assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
(eyewitness error)
what is source memory
recall of when, where and how information was acquired
what is memory storage
the process of maintaining information in memory over time (sensory storage, short-term storage, long-term storage)
what is the serial position effect
when people try to recall a list of similar items immediately after learning it, they tend to remember the first (primary effect) and the last items (recency effect) the best
what is sensory storage
the place in which sensory memory is kept for a few seconds or less
what is iconic memory
the visual sensory memory register pertaining to the visual domain and a fast-decaying store of visual information
what is echoic memory
the sensory memory that registers specific to auditory information
what is short-term memory store
a place where non-sensory information is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute
what is working memory
-STM and LTM information used to interpret/manipulate/process
-7 bits of information at one time
-information either moves to LTM or decay and lost forever
how does information move from short term to long term memory
rehearsal and chunking
what is long term storage
a place in which information can be kept for minutes to decades
-unlimited capacity
- can be used to process sensory information
-can be used to process STM
biological mechanism of Long term memory
sending neurotransmitters across the synapse od 2 communicating neurons changes the synapse by strengthening the connection (makes the communication easier next time)
what is long-term potentiation (LTP)
long lasting increase in strength of synaptic responsiveness
what is suggestibility
the tendency to incorporate misleading information from external sources into personal reflections
what is the contents of LTM
explicit and implicit memory
what is explicit memory
the conscious, intentional recollection of factual information, previous experiences, and concepts
(semantic and episodic)
what is semantic memory
independant of context
what is episodic memory
set in time and place
what is implicit memory
the influence of past experiences on later behavior and performance, even though people are not trying to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them
(priming and procedural memory)
priming
occurs when a person is exposed to one stimulus, then later reacts to a similar stimulus without consciously recalling why
procedural memory
knowing how to do things
what are the two types of memory loss
anterograde amnesia and retrograde amnesia
what is retrieval
bring to mind information that had been previously encoded and stored
what is a retrieval cue
external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind
-hint
-encoding specificity principle ( a little reminder)
-state-dependant retrieval ( put in the same state as during encoding)
memory failures
transience, absentmindedness, blocking, bias, persistence, memory misattribution, suggestibility
