Lecture 12 - personality Flashcards
define personality
a distinctive pattern of behaving, mannerisms, thoughts, motives and emotional that characterize an individual over time and across different situations
who had a psychodynamic approach
freud
what is the psychodynamic approach
personality is primarily formed bye arly childhood experiences and shaped by unconscious processes
structure of the mind (Frued)
Id: present at birth, pleasure gratification, our bodily needs (wants, desires, impulses (sextual and aggressive drives)
Ego: referee between Id and Superego to meet demands of society, holds back impulses until appropriate
Superego: represents morality and parental authority, feelings of pride/satisfaction OT guild/shame
how do people deal with inner conflict
defense mechanisms: unconscious coping mechanisms (used my ego) that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses
repression
Subconsciously blocking ideas or impulses that are undesirable
projection
unwanted feelings are displaced onto another person, where they then appear as a threat from the external world
rationalization
people justify difficult or unacceptable feelings with seemingly logical reasons and explanations
displacement
Transferring one’s emotional burden or emotional reaction from one entity to another
sublimation: negative emotional -> value (athletes)
reaction formation
which people express the opposite of their true feelings, sometimes to an exaggerated exten
regression
adult -> child
denial
ignoring the reality of a situation to avoid anxiety
identification
The internalization or reproduction of behaviors observed in others
freud’s psychosexual stages of development
oral: babies putting everything in their mouth
anal: 2-3 years old, potting training
phallic : 3-5 years old, a boy wants his mother and wants to get rid of his father
latency: 5 - 13 years old, axseual -. friendships, hobbies
genital: puberty
psychosexual stages
distinct early life stages through sexutal energy takes on different forms as child matures.
each stages is associated with conflict to be resolved, otherwise child is fixated which personality is formed as children
Myers-Briggs Type Indicator
predict how people will do at work, get along with others, succeed as leaders, low reliability but still used often.
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
(MMPI)
a well-researched clinical questionnaire
used to assess personality and psychological
problems. 567 questions
Projective techniques
a standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individuals personality
-ink blot test (if you see something no one else does –> something is wrong)
-thematic apperception test: give an image ans tell a story about it (themes will emerge)
define trait
a relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way
traits of the big five factor model
– extroversion – introversion
– neuroticism – emotional stability
– agreeableness – antagonism
– conscientiousness – impulsive
– openness to experience – resistance to new experiences
Influences on personality
BOTH genetic/biological and environmental factors contribute to personality
parents and peers
cultural influences
- individualist cultures: self is regarded as autonomous, individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relations with others
- collectivistic cultures: self is regarded as embedded in relashipships, harmony with one’s group is prized above individual goals and wishes
Humanistic approach
Humanistic psychologists emphasize a
positive, optimistic view of human nature that
highlights people’s inherent goodness and
their potential for personal growth and
resilience.
Abraham Maslow
Hierarchy of needs: physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem and self- actualization
self actualization: refers to the need for personal growth and discovery that is present throughout a person’s life
carl rogers unconditional positive regard
is the basic acceptance and support of a person regardless of what the person says or does, especially in the context of client-centred therapy
existentialism
Existentialist psychologists emphasize the
individual as a responsible agent who is free
to create and live his or her life while
negotiating the issue of meaning and the
reality of death
existential approach
regards personality an governed by an individual’s ongoing choices and decisions in the context of the realities of life and death
