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EAS > Lecture 7: Igneous Rocks > Flashcards

Lecture 7: Igneous Rocks Flashcards

1
Q

What are Igneous rocks formed from?

A

The crystallization and cooling of magma

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2
Q

What are igneous rocks classified by?

A

Their texture

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3
Q

What are the Extrusive igneous rocks?

A

Basalt and Rhyolite

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4
Q

What are the Intrusive igneous rocks?

A

Gabbro and Granite

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5
Q

What are the Mafic igneous rocks?

A

Basalt and Gabbro

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6
Q

What is the Felsic igneous rocks?

A

Rhyolite and Granite

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7
Q

What are Mafic rocks composed of?

A

Iron and Magnesium and are dark colored

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8
Q

What are Felsic rocks composed of?

A

Aluminium and Silicon and are Light colored

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9
Q

What are the 3 types of Extrusive Pyroclasts?

A
  • Volcanic ash
  • Bomb
  • Pumice
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10
Q

What are large grains of rock called?

A

Phenocrysts or intrusive rocks

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11
Q

What are Porphyritic crystals?

A

Crystals that start to grow beneath earth’s surface and then somehow get to above the earth’s surface and cool into smaller crystals

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12
Q

What is Country Rock?

A

Rock that existed before igneous rock intruded

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13
Q

What are Sills?

A

A sheet like formation of magma that grows horizontally

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14
Q

What are Dikes?

A

A dike is an intrusion of magma but more vertically

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15
Q

What are Batholiths?

A

Large intrusions of magma that form long rocks

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16
Q

What are Plutons?

A

Large intrusions of magma that kind of look like mountains

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17
Q

What are Veins?

A

Deposits of minerals found within a rock fracture

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18
Q

What do flood basalts originate from?

A

Continental rifts

19
Q

What is the difference between volcanic ash and volcanic bombs?

A

Volcanic ash is more fine while Volcanic bombs are more house sized

20
Q

What is a Pyroclast?

A

Any volcanic rock that is ejected into the air

21
Q

What are the characteristics of mafic magma?

A

They tend to be more runny

22
Q

What are the characteristics of Silica rich magma?

A

They tend to be more explosive and viscous, giving more pyroclastic material

23
Q

What is Tephra?

A

When pyroclasts fall and are often lithified together upon cooling forming rocks

24
Q

What are Volcanic tuffs and Volcanic breccias?

A

Volcanic Tuffs have smaller pyroclastic fragments

Volcanic Breccias have larger fragments

25
Q

What is Porphyry?

A

Rocks that form when rocks crystalize below ground and then are subject to rapid cooling

26
Q

Which igneous rocks are the same composition different texture?

A

Basalt/Gabbro

Rhyolite/Granite

27
Q

What are the main Felsic minerals?

A
  • Quartz
  • Orthoclase feldspar
  • Plagioclase feldspar
  • Muscovite (mica)
28
Q

What are the Mafic Minerals?

A
  • Biotite (mica)
  • Amphibole group
  • Pyroxene group
  • Olivine
29
Q

What is the Intrusive Felsic rock?

A

Granite

30
Q

What is the Extrusive Felsic Rock?

A

Rhyolite

31
Q

What is the Extrusive intermediate rock?

A

Andesite

32
Q

What is the Mafic Intrusive rock?

A

Gabbro

33
Q

What is the Mafic Extrusive rock?

A

Basalt

34
Q

What is the Ultramafic Intrusive rock?

A

Peridotite

35
Q

What are the characteristics of Basaltic lava?

A
  • Mafic

* Highly fluid

36
Q

What are pillow lavas?

A

Underwater Basalt

37
Q

What is the composition of Intermediate lavas?

A
  • Andesitic

* They have a composition of Basalt and Rhyolite

38
Q

What is the composition Rhyolitic lavas?

A
  • Felsic
  • highly viscous
  • Forms pumice
39
Q

What is the composition of magma starting off?

A

It starts off as Basalt but as the country rocks melt into it, it becomes more intermediate

40
Q

What is Decompressional melting?

A

When the mantle rises and pressure decreases below a critical point, solid rock begins to melt without the introduction of additional heat

41
Q

What is Magmatic Differentiation?

A

When different minerals crystalize at different temperatures and during the crystallization process, the composition of the parent magma changes from ultramafic as it becomes depleted of the chemical elements that compose crystals

42
Q

Which type of rock crystalized out of magma first?

A

Mafic

43
Q

What is the order of rocks crystallization of magma?

A 
Olivine
Pyroxene
Amphibole
Biotite mica
Quartz
Muscovite mica
Orthoclase feldspar
44
Q

How does the Magma composition change as it cools?

A

It goes from ultramafic to intermediate

EAS (33 decks)

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