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EAS > Lecture 30: Energy Resources > Flashcards

Lecture 30: Energy Resources Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Non-Renewable energy sources?

A
  • Hydrocarbons - coal, oil and natural gas

* Nuclear fuels

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2
Q

How much of the world’s energy do non-renewable resources supply?

A

90% of the world’s energy

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3
Q

Why is over half of energy lost?

A

Due to inefficiencies in use

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4
Q

Who are the biggest per capita users of energy in the world?

A

North Americans

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5
Q

Where is the rate of energy use increasing fastest?

A

In developing countries

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6
Q

What is growth in fuels correlated with?

A

Growth in population

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7
Q

What are Fossil fuels?

A

A class of energy resources that is formed from organic matter that is buried by sedimentary processes, and is subsequently altered by heat, pressure and the activity of microorganisms at depth

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8
Q

What environments does coal form in?

A

Swamp environments, that has a lot of biomass around it

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9
Q

What does peat form from?

A

Dead biomass that gets compacted

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10
Q

What does Peat form from?

A

Decomposition of organisms in watery conditions that isolate it from the atmosphere

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11
Q

What is Peat the precursor of?

A

Coal

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12
Q

How does Coal form?

A

Biological matter breaks down in the absence of oxygen and gets compressed by sediments and transformed over temperature and pressure losing methan, water and CO2

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13
Q

What is the highest grade of coal?

A

Anthracite coal

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of higher grade coal?

A

Higher carbon concentration and higher energy produced, all plant structures gone

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15
Q

What is Coalbed methane?

A

Methane that is released during the coalification of peat and is trapped in fractures within a coal seam

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16
Q

What is coalbed methane held in place by?

A

Water that saturates the well seam

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17
Q

How is coalbed methane retrieved?

A

Water is pumped from the coal seam, reducing pressure, allowing for methane to flow into the wellbore and to the surface

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18
Q

What are Black Shales?

A

When organic matter is trapped in smaller concentration in other sedimentary rock like phytoplankton that settle to the anoxic sea floor and organic matter was preserved

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19
Q

What is Oil and Gas primarily created from?

A

Marine Planktonic organisms

20
Q

What converts oil to gas?

A

Higher temperatures

21
Q

What are Petroleum traps?

A

Geologic structures that prevent oil and gas from escaping underground held in place by a cap rock

22
Q

What does exploration for oil and gas focus on?

A

Identifying potential source rocks (usually black shales) and reservoir rocks with high porosity

23
Q

What are Seismic surveys used to identify?

A

Structures indicative of structural traps for oil

24
Q

What is Hydraulic Fracturing?

A

A process that injects mixtures of water and chemicals with proppant into impermeable source rock in order to fracture it and release tightly held oil and gas

25
Q

What two strategies does modern hydraulic fracturing use?

A
  • Horizontal drilling

* Hydraulic fracturing

26
Q

What is the hydraulic fracturing water cycle?

A

The water that comes back as a result of hydraulic fracturing is very dirty to make a long story short

27
Q

What are Tar (or oil) sands?

A

Dense viscous deposits of asphalt-like oil that cannot be easily pumped

28
Q

Where do Tar Sands form?

A

In zones where lighter, volatile hydrocarbons have migrated away leaving heavier material or in areas of very low maturity

29
Q

Where is the largest tar sand in the world?

A

Athabasca tar sands

30
Q

What are the lowest grade form of hydrocarbons?

A

Oil sands

31
Q

What is petroleum referred to once it comes to the surface?

A

Crude oil

32
Q

What is cracking?

A

Breaking down long-chain hydrocarbon molecules in crude oil to produce products ranging from gases and gasolines to heavy oils, lubricants and tars

33
Q

What is the fuel for nuclear energy?

A

Uranium

34
Q

What are the largest producers of Nuclear energy?

A

Kazakhstan and Canada (Saskatchewan)

35
Q

What are the two types of Uranium deposits?

A
  • Unconformity related ore deposits

* Roll front ore deposits

36
Q

What occurs in unconformity related ore deposits?

A

Convective flow driven by the heat of the basement rocks can drive geofluids from fractures in uranium containing basement rocks to overlying sedimentary rocks

37
Q

Which form of uranium is Soluble and Mobile?

A

The oxidized form of uranium U6+ and this is what is found at the surface

38
Q

What are the two uranium deposits related to?

A
  • Unconformity related - Hydrothermal activity

* Roll-front ore deposits - Microbial activity

39
Q

How does Uranium decay?

A

It undergoes slow natural radioactive decay releasing geothermal enerrgy

40
Q

Which isotope can be used to accelerate the release of energy of Uranium?

A

U235

41
Q

How does U235 unger radioactive decay?

A

By fission, creating a chain reaction that release large amounts of energy

42
Q

What is Hydrogen fuel?

A

When the energy from the sun is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen

43
Q

How does Smog occur?

A

NO2 reacts with sunlight forming radical oxygen which reacts with O2 to form O3. NO2 eventually reacts with VOCs creating PANs

44
Q

What do PANs produced in smog do?

A

Contribute to air pollution far from the original source because they are more stable

45
Q

What acidifies rain?

A

The addition of sulfur, nitrogen and oxide gases that react with water

46
Q

Which types of fuels produce less CO2?

A

Fuels containing more hydrogen

47
Q

Which fossil fuel creates more CO2?

A

Coal

EAS (33 decks)

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