Lecture 3: The Rock Cycle

Question 1

What is Outcrop?

Answer 1

Rock exposed above sea level to wind water and rain

Question 2

What is the origin of Metamorphic rocks?

Answer 2

They are usually a converted igneous or sedimentary rock

Question 3

How can Metamorphic rock become igneous rock?

Answer 3

Through melting the metamorphic rock

Question 4

What are the two types of igneous rock?

Answer 4

Intrusive and extrusive

Question 5

How can igneous rock become Metamorphic rock?

Answer 5

Through deep burial

Question 6

How do igneous rocks form?

Answer 6

By the crystallization of magma that originates from the earth’s crust

Question 7

What is the size of crystals formed by Intrusive igneous rocks?

Answer 7

Large crystals

Question 8

What is the first mineral to crystallize out of intrusive igneous rocks?

Answer 8

Olivine

Question 9

What is the order of minerals that crystalize out of igneous rocks?

Answer 9

Olivine
Pyroxene
Plagioclase
Feldspar

Question 10

What size are the grains that form from Extrusive igneous rock?

Answer 10

Tiny crystals because it cools so rapidly large crystals do not have time to form

Question 11

What does Mafic refer to?

Answer 11

Dark colored Ferromagnesian rocks like olivine and pyroxene

Question 12

What does Felsic refer to?

Answer 12

Lighter colored rocks that are made with elements like silicon

Question 13

How do Extrusive Pyroclasts form?

Answer 13

They form from violent eruptions from lava thrown high in the air

Question 14

What are the two types of Extrusive igneous rocks?

Answer 14

Basalt and Rhyolite

Question 15

What are the two type of Intrusive igneous rocks?

Answer 15

Gabbro and Granite

Question 16

What is the size of Porphyritic crystals?

Answer 16

They are a mix and match of both coarse and fine

Question 17

What are the 4 types of Volcanism?

Answer 17

Ocean-Ocean Convergence
Spreading Center
Hot spot
Ocean-Continent Convergence

Question 18

What occurs in Ocean Ocean convergence?

Answer 18

When one ocean plate slides underneath another and magma rises into a volcano

Question 19

What occurs in Spreading Center Volcanoes?

Answer 19

Magma from the mantle rises and forms Basalt rocks

Question 20

What occurs in Hot Spot Volcanoes?

Answer 20

When mantle plumes rise all the way from the core to the surface

Question 21

What occurs in Ocean Continent convergence?

Answer 21

Ocean plate sliding under a continental plate

Question 22

What are Chemical or Biochemical sediments?

Answer 22

New mineral grains that form by precipitation from water after a state supersaturation is achieved

Question 23

What are Clastic sediments?

Answer 23

Sediments that are found on the earths surface as loose particles and are deposited by running water, wind or ice

Question 24

What is Lithification?

Answer 24

When sedimentation is buried, compacted and cemented to form a rock

Question 25

What are the steps in Sedimentary Rock Formation?

Answer 25

``` Weathering Erosion Transportation Deposition Burial Diagenesis ```

Question 26

Why are some rocks more easily weathered?

Answer 26

Rocks that form at higher temperatures are easily weathered because they are further from equilibrium

Question 27

What is the order of easily weathered to least easily weathered?

Answer 27

``` Olivine Pyroxene Amphibole Feldspar Quartz ```

Question 28

What are the two types of sedimentary rocks?

Answer 28

Clastic and Non-Clastic

Question 29

What rock does Mud form after temperature and pressure?

Answer 29

Shale

Question 30

What rock does Sand form after temperature and pressure?

Answer 30

Sandstone

Question 31

What rock does Gravel form after temperature and pressure?

Answer 31

Conglomerate

Question 32

What do Diatoms form after temperature and pressure?

Answer 32

Oil and Gas

Question 33

What does Plant material form after temperature and pressure?

Answer 33

Coal

Question 34

What is an example of Chemical sedimentation?

Answer 34

When calcium ions and carbonate ions precipitate out of ocean water to create calcium carbonate or calcite

Question 35

How are Metamorphic rocks produced?

Answer 35

When high temperatures and pressures deep in the earth's crust cause existing rocks to change their mineralogy, texture or chemical composition

Question 36

What is Regional Metamorphism?

Answer 36

When high pressures and temperatures extend over large regions ie mountain forming

Question 37

What is Contact Metamorphism?

Answer 37

Where high temperatures are restricted to smaller areas such as the rocks near a contact intrusion

Question 38

How does CO2 get removed from the atmosphere?

Answer 38

It reacts with water to fomr carbonic acid which ionized to form hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions that react with rock weathering it to form sedimentary rock and become fixed in the in the rock cycle

Question 39

How does an increase in CO2 affect the climate?

Answer 39

It decreases the temperature of the climate and reduces the rate of weathering