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EAS > Lecture 2: Minerals > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are Minerals?

A

Naturally occuring, inorganic, solid element or compound with a definite chemical composition and a regular internal crystal structure

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2
Q

What are Minerals chemically?

A

They can be one type of element or metals or they may be compounds with different elements

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3
Q

What are some examples of a Mineral that contains only one type of element?

A

Diamonds (made of carbon)

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4
Q

What are some minerals that are made only of Metals?

A

Gold
Silver
Copper

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5
Q

What are some minerals that contain compounds of several different elements?

A

Clays (which are Al, Si)

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6
Q

What are the 3 ways a mineral can form?

A

Crystallization from magma
Crystal growth in solid state
Precipitation from solution

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7
Q

How can a Mineral form from magma?

A

As the magma cools, minerals begin to form

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8
Q

How can a Mineral grow in the Solid state?

A

Changing the temperature or pressure of an already formed mineral will alter it into something completely different

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9
Q

How can a Mineral grow from Precipitation from a solution?

A

When a state of supersaturation is reached in an aqueous solution

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10
Q

What are Polymorphs?

A

Minerals with the same chemical composition but different structure

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11
Q

In what conditions is Natural Diamond formed?

A

At high pressures and temperatures in earth’s mantle

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12
Q

In what conditions is Graphite formed?

A

At lower pressures and temperatures

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13
Q

What are the types of Minerals?

A 
Native Elements
Oxides
Halides
Carbonates
Sulfates
Silicates
Sulfides
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14
Q

What are the defining anions of Native Element Minerals?

A

None ex. Copper

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15
Q

What are the defining anions of Oxide Minerals?

A

Oxygen ion (O2-)

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16
Q

What is an example of an Oxide Mineral?

A

Hematite (Fe2O3)

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17
Q

What are the defining anions of Halide Minerals?

A

Chloride (Cl-)
Fluoride (F-)
Bromide (Br-)
Iodide (I-)

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18
Q

What is an example of a Halide Mineral?

A

Halite (NaCl)

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19
Q

What are the defining anions of Carbonate Minerals?

A

Carbonate ion (CO3 2-)

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20
Q

What is an example of Carbonate minerals?

A

Calcite (CaCO3)

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21
Q

What are the defining anions of Sulfate Minerals?

A

Sulfate ions (SO4 2-)

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22
Q

What is an example of a Sulfate Mineral?

A

Anhydrite (CaSO4)

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23
Q

What are the defining anions of Silicate Minerals?

A

Silicate ion (SiO4 4-)

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24
Q

What is an example of a Silicate ion?

A

Olivine (Mg,Fe)2SiO4

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25
What are the defining anions of Sulfide Minerals?
Sulfide ion (S2-)
26
What is an example of Sulfide Mineral?
Pyrite (FeS2)
27
What are the most abundant minerals in the earth's crust?
Silicates
28
What are the two Silicate minerals that are most abundant in the earth's crust?
Feldspar and Quartz
29
How are Silicates classified?
The linking of the silica tetrahedral and their composition
30
What are the ways that Silica can link?
Rings, chains, sheets, framework
31
What are some of the compositions of Silicates?
Ferromagnesium Aluminosilicate Interlayer cations
32
What are Ferromagnesians rich in?
Iron and Magnesium
33
What are Aluminosilicates rich in?
Aluminium and Silicone
34
What interlayer cations in Feldspars?
Na+, Ca 2+, K+
35
What is Quartz made of?
Silicate tetrahedra arranged in the same way as diamond
36
What are the 5 ways that Silica Tetrahedron can link up?
``` Single Tetrahedron Single Chain Double Chain Sheet Network/Framework ```
37
What is an example of Single Tetrahedron Silicate structure?
Olivine
38
What is the chemical formula for Olivine?
Mg2SiO4
39
What is an example of a single chain Silicate structure?
Pyroxene group
40
What is an exampe of a double chain silicate structure?
Amphibole group
41
What is an example of a Sheet Silicate structure?
Mica
42
What are 2 example of Network silicate structure?
Feldspar and Quartz
43
What are Ferromagnesian Minerals rich in?
Iron and Magnesium
44
What is the color Ferromagnesian minerals?
Dark
45
What do Fe and Mg do in Ferromagnesian minerals?
Serve as cations that bind the silicate tetrahedra together
46
What are the first minerals to crystalize out of magma?
Olivine, Pyroxene, Amphiboles
47
What kind of temperatures do Olivine, Pyroxene, Amphiboles form at?
Highest temperatures
48
Which minerals weather easily?
The ones that form at highest temperatures and crystalize out of magma first: Olivine, Pyroxene, Amphiboles
49
What is the composition of Aluminosilicate minerals?
Rich in silicate and aluminium | Deficient in iron and magnesium
50
What are two types of Aluminosilicate minerals?
Feldspar and Plagioclase
51
What typically weather to form clays?
Feldspar
52
What are the usual Cations in Feldspars?
Ca, K or Na
53
What color are the Aluminosilicate minerals?
Dark colored
54
What are Clay minerals formed from?
The alteration of aluminium silicates in both felsic and mafic rocks
55
What are Non-silicates classified according to?
The chemical composition of the anion and the type of cation
56
What are the common Non-Silicates?
``` Native elements Carbonates Sulfates Sulfides Oxides Hydroxides Halides ```
57
What are Native Elements?
Minerals made up of just one element
58
What are examples of Native elements?
Gold Silver Diamond
59
What do all Carbonates have in common?
The carbonate anion (CO3 2-) and are linked together by different cations
60
What is the most common Carbonate?
The mineral Calcite
61
What is the chemical formula of the mineral Calcite?
CaCO3
62
Which rocks is Calcite a chief constituent in?
Limestone and Marble
63
What is common to all Sulfate minerals?
They are contain the sulfate anion SO4 2-
64
What is type of mineral is Gypsum?
A sulfate
65
What do all Sulfide Minerals have in common?
They contain the sulfide anion S2-
66
What is the most common sulfide mineral?
Pyrite (FeS2)
67
What happens when you oxidize a pyrite?
Acid mine drainage occurs
68
What are Hydroxides and Oxides?
Minerals compounds in which O2- or OH- is bonded to metal cations
69
Why are Hydroxides and Oxides of great economic imortance?
Because they are a primary source of Fe, Al, Mn and Ti
70
What are the common Hydroxides?
Ferric Hydroxide and Gibbsite
71
What are the common Oxides?
Magnetite and Hematite
72
Why is Color not a reliable indicator?
Because it often varies from specimen to specimen do to small amounts of chemical impurities
73
What is the acid test?
Dropping HCl on calcite to see if it bubbles

EAS (33 decks)

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