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EAS > Lecture 12: Hydrologic Cycle > Flashcards

Lecture 12: Hydrologic Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What is the bent angle of the water molecule?

A

104.5º

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2
Q

What is the Polarity of water?

A

It is Polar

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3
Q

What are the 3 Phases of Water?

A

Ice
Liquid water
Water Vapor

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4
Q

What do transitions between energy phases absorb or release?

A

Latent heat

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5
Q

When is energy absorbed by water?

A

While going from a more ordered to a less ordered phase

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6
Q

What is Sublimination?

A

Ice to gas

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7
Q

What is Condensation?

A

Gas to Ice or Gas to Water

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8
Q

What is Evaporation?

A

Water to Gas

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9
Q

What is Melting?

A

Ice to Water

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10
Q

What is freezing?

A

Water to Ice

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11
Q

What gives water high surface tension?

A

Its ability to make hydrogen bonds

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12
Q

What makes water an excellent solvent?

A

Its polarity

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13
Q

What form of Water is a mineral?

A

Ice

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14
Q

What is the definition of a Mineral?

A

Fixed composition, defined structure, inorganic, naturally occurring solid

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15
Q

What causes ice to have a lower density than water?

A

The fact that when it freezes it forms an open crystal lattice

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16
Q

What are Hydrologic Reservoirs?

A

Places in the water cycle where water is stored (oceans, atmosphere, lakes, and rivers)

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17
Q

Where does the majority of Earth’s water reside?

A

In oceans

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18
Q

Which type of water is useful for us to consume?

A

Freshwater

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19
Q

How much of the water on earth is freshwater?

A

2.5%

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20
Q

How much of the freshwater is frozen?

A

74%

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21
Q

How much of the frozen water is ground water?

A

98.5%

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22
Q

What is Surface Water divided into?

A
  • Atmosphere
  • Soil Moisture
  • Surface fresh water (Lakes, Streams)
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23
Q

What is Residence time?

A

The average amount of time that a water molecule stays in particular reservoir

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24
Q

What is Flux?

A

The rate at which water moves between reservoirs

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25
Q

What can be combined to determine the Hydrologic balance?

A

Reservoir sizes, residence times and fluxes

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26
Q

Which reservoirs have high fluxes?

A

The atmosphere

27
Q

What are the two ways that water flows at the surface?

A
  • Overland flow

* Stream flow

28
Q

What is Overland flow?

A

When some of the rainfall and meltwater on the landscape begins to flow across the surface once the soil is saturated and moves down with gravity

29
Q

Why does Overland flow become channelized?

A

Due to erosion

30
Q

What is Stream flow?

A

When overland flow forms a channel and flows through the channel

31
Q

What makes up surface runoff?

A

Stream flow and Overland flow

32
Q

What are the two sources of water in streams?

A

Overland flow and Base flow

33
Q

What is baseflow?

A

The input of groundwater through the bed of a river contributing to its flow

34
Q

What are streams organized into?

A

River systems

35
Q

What are tributaries?

A

Small streams that merge to form rivers

36
Q

What is a Drainage basin?

A

An area drained by a major river and its tributaries is a drainage basin

37
Q

What are drainage basins separated by?

A

Drainage divides

38
Q

In the real world, what usually divides drainage basins?

A

Topographic highs such as continental divides

39
Q

What is River Behavior controlled by?

A
  • Average width and depth of channel
  • Channel Gradient
  • Average velocity
  • Discharge
40
Q

How are Width and Depth of a river affected as we move downstream and tributaries join?

A

Width and Depth increase

41
Q

What is a channel Gradient?

A

Steepness of a channel

42
Q

How is the Channel Gradient as you move downstream?

A

The steepness of the channel decreases downstream

43
Q

How is the velocity of a channel affected as you move downstream?

A

The average speed of the water in a channel increases as you move downstream

44
Q

What is Discharge of a Channel?

A

The flux of water moving through the river at any given point

45
Q

How is the Discharge of a channel affected as you move downstream?

A

Discharge increases

46
Q

How is Discharge determined?

A

By calculating the cross sectional area of a river and then multiplying that area by the velocity of the river

47
Q

What are rivers global transport routes for?

A
  • Dissolved ions in solution
  • Suspended sediments
  • The bed load of a stream or river
48
Q

What is a Dissolved load?

A

Individual species dissolved in water mainly form the dissolution of minerals

49
Q

What can the dissolved load get precipitated into?

A

Chemical sediments

50
Q

What are the Major ions of the dissolved load?

A
  • Calcium
  • Sodium
  • Potassium
  • Magnesium
51
Q

What are the major anions of the Dissolved load?

A

Bicarbonate
Sulfate
Chloride

52
Q

What is the suspended load comprised of?

A

Particulate matter such as clays that remain in suspension in a river or stream

53
Q

What is the relative settling of the suspended load based on size?

A

Smaller particles settle more slowly than larger ones and are therefore transported further

54
Q

What causes water to appear cloudy or opaque?

A

The suspended load

55
Q

What is the bed load comprised of?

A

Typically larger particles in a river system that are transported by moving along the bed

56
Q

What are the movements of the Bed Load?

A

They can roil along the bed without leaving it

Slide along the bed without leaving it

Move by saltation (hopping) along the bed and leave it for short periods of time

57
Q

What are Hydrographs?

A

A record of river discharge at one point in the river continuously over many years

58
Q

What can lead to temporarily high river discharge?

A

Short term events such as large storms or snowmelt in spring

59
Q

What usually causes the most mass transport in a river?

A

Short periods of high discharge in a river

60
Q

Which particles does faster flow in a river move?

A

Larger particles

61
Q

Where are large particles generally depositied?

A

Near their source because it takes more energy to keep them suspended

62
Q

Where are small particles usually transported?

A

Further downstream

63
Q

Where is the suspended load deposited?

A

Where flow slows or stops

64
Q

Where is the dissolved load typically carried?

A

To sea and may be deposited as non-clastic (evaporites)

EAS (33 decks)

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