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EAS > Lecture 18: Cryosphere 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 18: Cryosphere 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Where does deposition of the the stuff that glaciers erode occur?

A

At the base margins of the glacier

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2
Q

What is Till?

A

The poorly sorted sediment left behind by glaciers

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3
Q

When can till be redeposited as out as?

A

If it is reworked by meltwater beyond the terminus of the glacier

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4
Q

How can Glaciers cause weathering of underlying bedrock?

A

With freeze thaw cycles

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5
Q

What are Moraines?

A

Ridgid accumulations of till that form as a glacier advances and retreats

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6
Q

What are the 3 types of Moraines?

A
  • Medial moraines
  • Terminal moraines
  • Lateral moraines
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7
Q

Where do Medial Moraines form?

A

At the margin where two glaciers meet

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8
Q

Where do Terminal Moraines form and what do they mark?

A

At the terminus of a glacier and marks its furthest advance

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9
Q

What are Lateral Moraines?

A

A type of end moraine that forms at the sides of a glacier

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10
Q

What are the two types of end moraines?

A

Terminal Moraines and Lateral moraines

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11
Q

What is a Proglacial lake?

A

A lake that is at the toe of a glacier

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12
Q

What are Drumlins?

A

Elongated and asymmetrical hills that form near the terminus of glaciers by the action of glacial ice on underlying unconsolidated sediments

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13
Q

What is the direction of ice flow of a drumlin?

A

The steep side toward the shallow side of the drumlin

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14
Q

What are Eskers?

A

Ridges of well sorted sand and gravel that are formed by rivers flowing beneath glacial ice

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15
Q

What are Kettles?

A

Closed basins formed by the melting away of mass of underlying glacial ice

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16
Q

What are Kames?

A

Piles of sand and gravel that were accumulated in streams and lakes on top of glacial ice and are deposited on land surface when the glacier retreats

17
Q

When do Proglacial lakes form?

A

When the glacier is melting and retreating

18
Q

What is Permafrost?

A

Permanently frozen ground that contains ice that froze during past glaciation

19
Q

Where is Permafrost thickest?

A

Areas that were exposed for long periods to colder air temperatures

20
Q

What does permafrost protect?

A

Massive amounts of carbon from degradation by microbes to form greenhouse gases

21
Q

What is the Active Layer of Permafrost?

A

The layer that sits on top and melts in the summer

22
Q

What causes patterned grounds?

A

The cyclic freezing and thawing cycles each year

23
Q

What are pingos?

A

Small hills that form from the freezing and thawing cycles

24
Q

When does Sea Ice form?

A

When air temperature falls below the freezing sea point of seawater

25
Q

What is Frazil?

A

The small needles of frozen and pure H2O that forms when seawater freezes

26
Q

What removes ice from the surface of sea ice?

A

Melting and sublimation

27
Q

What is the meaning of Annual sea ice?

A

It forms and then melts in a year

28
Q

What is the meaning of perennial sea ice?

A

It lasts for several years

29
Q

What is the current melting of previously perennial ice due to?

A

Global climate change

30
Q

How is Artic ice changing overtime and why?

A

Arctic ice is declining due to increasing of global temperature

31
Q

When is Arctic sea ice the least?

A

In summer months

32
Q

What occurs with the sea ice in the Antarctic over the summertime?

A

It mostly melts over the summer

33
Q

How much does sea ice move?

A

Several kilometers per day

34
Q

What are leads?

A

When sea ice cracks forming open water that can generate complex mosaic patterns

35
Q

What can the convergence of ice masses produce?

A

Pressure ridges

36
Q

What occurs to the rest of the water as sea ice freezes?

A

Salt in the remaining seawater is concentrated and the resulting water is cold and denser and flows downward into deep ocean basins driving deep ocean circulation

37
Q

How does Sea Ice impact climate?

A
  • It isolates ocean water from the atmosphere, preventing heat exchange
  • Its high albedo reflects heat and light
  • Contributing to the steep temperature gradients between the poles and equator that drives atmospheric circulation
38
Q

What would happen if all the Sea ice melted?

A

Nothing much just climate effects but sea levels would remian

39
Q

What would happen if Ice sheets on continents melt?

A

Global ocean levels would rise

EAS (33 decks)

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