LECTURE 5: Poultry Vaccines & Vax Schedules Flashcards
What is a vaccine?
biological preparation that is
administered to an animal in order to
stimulate a protective immune response
Vaccines have been developed what pathogen “groups”?
- Viruses
- Bacteria
- Parasites (only one major group of
parasites)
What is the purpose of a vaccine?
LIMIT THE IMPACT of the pathogen on the host does not completely prevent anything
TRUE or FALSE? Vaccines can actually be used as a treatment for certain diseases?
TRUE
TRUE or FALSE? Vaccines can be used to replace or out-
compete pathogenic strains in a given host.
TRUE
What are the 3 things vaccines cannot do?
- Produce 100% protection
- Prevent infection
- Provide complete peace of mind
What are the top 3 things that affect vaccination?
- Stress
- Mycotoxins
- Current bacterial or viral challenge at time of vaccination
What is stress?
The result of excessive demands
placed on the physiological and behavioral abilities of animals to adapt
What are common stressors during hatching?
- Hatch process
- Vaccines
- Exposure to new microflora
- Sexing
- Beak treatment
- Transfer to the farm
What are some stressors during rearing?
- House environment
- Bird density
- Exposure to new microflora and
pathogens
What are some stressors during lay?
- Physiological changes
- Significant changes to lighting cycle
- Diet changes
What is a mycotoxin?
a toxin produced by various mold
species that grow in feed
What are the three major mycotoxins can induce
immunosuppression?
- Aflatoxins
- Trichothecens
- Ochratoxins
Most mycotoxin exposures are _____.
Sub clinical
Why is it generally not a good idea to
vaccinate an animal that is currently ill?
Immune system is preoccupied with fighting off disease. If you vaccinate the bird now it’s trying to mount an immune response to the pathogen
and to the vaccine.
What is important about immunosuppressive viruses?
There are a number of viruses that can induce immunosuppression
Many pathogens have different ___, and the immune
response is ______ to each strain
Strains, unique
Vaccine route must match what?
Age of the bird
What does it mean for a vaccine to be “hot”?
Vaccine reactions, birds will get sick
Hotter the vaccine, you get better….
Immunity
ILT depends on….
Cell mediated immunity
Why is date of vaccine important?
Factor in when cell mediated immunity is matured
Why is vaccination preparation important?
Some vaccines need to be heated up or stored in really specific conditions to be effective
What are the 4 types of vaccines commonly used in the poultry industry?
- Modified live
- Recombinant (vectored)
- Inactivated (killed) vaccines (bacterins for bacterial pathogens)
- Gene deleted (type of live vaccine)
What are modified live vaccines?
LIVE pathogens that have been reduced in their ability to cause disease
What important with modified live vaccines in terms of making the vaccine?
Pathogen needs to be attenuated (weakened) first
What are 4 methods of attenuating live virus vaccines?
- Passage through cell lines/embryos
- Use of a naturally non-virulent or low path strain
- Inoculation of the vaccine via different route than that used by pathogen
- Deletion of certain gene segments for pathogenicity (gene deleted)
What are some potential benefits to modified live vaccines?
- Longer immunity compared to killed vaccines
- Easier to administer on large scale (water or
spray) - Allows circulation through the flock (still get contact
spread)
What are some potential negatives to modified live vaccines?
- Can have reversion to pathogenicity
- Don’t have as much control over vaccine coverage of the flock (DISPERSION IS REALLY IMPORTANT)
- Can have rolling or “hot” reactions
- Vaccine reaction can be exacerbated by poor
environmental conditions.
What is a recombinant vaccine?
Vaccines that used for protection against viruses or
bacteria
What are 3 common recombinant vaccines?
- ILT
- IBD
- Newcastle
What is a killed vaccine?
Vaccine contains whole (killed) organisms or
portions of the organism that are needed to
activate the immune response
Killed vaccines can only be administered by _____ only.
Injection (IM or subQ)
What do you used with killed vaccines and why?
Adjuvant used to help boost the immune system
What are some advantages of killed vaccines?
- More control over vaccination of the flock (all birds
accounted for and vaccinated.) - Provides excellent humoral immunity (important for
breeder flocks)
What are some disadvantages of killed vaccines?
- Very labor intensive (vaccine crews)
- More biosecurity risks bringing in outside vaccine crews
- Immunity generally doesn’t last as long compared to
programs that utilize live vaccines (but combo of live and
killed is best) - Immunity very dependent on vaccine handling and crew
effectiveness
What are autogenous vaccines?
Vaccines created to target specific strains of
bacteria causing issues on certain
farms/premises
What vaccines are made specific to a farm/company?
Autogenous
What are autogenous vaccines made out of?
Made of whole killed bacterial organisms with
extraction/elimination of endotoxins (gram
negatives)
What are 3 examples of autogenous vaccines?
- Pasteurella multocida
- Salmonella sp.
- Mycoplasma sp
Vaccine schedules depend on?
Geograph regions and what diseases are present
