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Avian Health > LECTURE 5: Poultry Vaccines & Vax Schedules > Flashcards

LECTURE 5: Poultry Vaccines & Vax Schedules Flashcards

1
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

biological preparation that is
administered to an animal in order to
stimulate a protective immune response

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2
Q

Vaccines have been developed what pathogen “groups”?

A
  1. Viruses
  2. Bacteria
  3. Parasites (only one major group of
    parasites)
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3
Q

What is the purpose of a vaccine?

A

LIMIT THE IMPACT of the pathogen on the host does not completely prevent anything

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4
Q

TRUE or FALSE? Vaccines can actually be used as a treatment for certain diseases?

A

TRUE

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5
Q

TRUE or FALSE? Vaccines can be used to replace or out-
compete pathogenic strains in a given host.

A

TRUE

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6
Q

What are the 3 things vaccines cannot do?

A
  1. Produce 100% protection
  2. Prevent infection
  3. Provide complete peace of mind
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7
Q

What are the top 3 things that affect vaccination?

A
  1. Stress
  2. Mycotoxins
  3. Current bacterial or viral challenge at time of vaccination
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8
Q

What is stress?

A

The result of excessive demands
placed on the physiological and behavioral abilities of animals to adapt

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9
Q

What are common stressors during hatching?

A
  1. Hatch process
  2. Vaccines
  3. Exposure to new microflora
  4. Sexing
  5. Beak treatment
  6. Transfer to the farm
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10
Q

What are some stressors during rearing?

A
  1. House environment
  2. Bird density
  3. Exposure to new microflora and
    pathogens
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11
Q

What are some stressors during lay?

A
  1. Physiological changes
  2. Significant changes to lighting cycle
  3. Diet changes
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12
Q

What is a mycotoxin?

A

a toxin produced by various mold
species that grow in feed

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13
Q

What are the three major mycotoxins can induce
immunosuppression?

A
  1. Aflatoxins
  2. Trichothecens
  3. Ochratoxins
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14
Q

Most mycotoxin exposures are _____.

A

Sub clinical

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15
Q

Why is it generally not a good idea to
vaccinate an animal that is currently ill?

A

Immune system is preoccupied with fighting off disease. If you vaccinate the bird now it’s trying to mount an immune response to the pathogen
and to the vaccine.

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16
Q

What is important about immunosuppressive viruses?

A

There are a number of viruses that can induce immunosuppression

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17
Q

Many pathogens have different ___, and the immune
response is ______ to each strain

A

Strains, unique

18
Q

Vaccine route must match what?

A

Age of the bird

19
Q

What does it mean for a vaccine to be “hot”?

A

Vaccine reactions, birds will get sick

20
Q

Hotter the vaccine, you get better….

A

Immunity

21
Q

ILT depends on….

A

Cell mediated immunity

22
Q

Why is date of vaccine important?

A

Factor in when cell mediated immunity is matured

23
Q

Why is vaccination preparation important?

A

Some vaccines need to be heated up or stored in really specific conditions to be effective

24
Q

What are the 4 types of vaccines commonly used in the poultry industry?

A
  1. Modified live
  2. Recombinant (vectored)
  3. Inactivated (killed) vaccines (bacterins for bacterial pathogens)
  4. Gene deleted (type of live vaccine)
25
Q

What are modified live vaccines?

A

LIVE pathogens that have been reduced in their ability to cause disease

26
Q

What important with modified live vaccines in terms of making the vaccine?

A

Pathogen needs to be attenuated (weakened) first

27
Q

What are 4 methods of attenuating live virus vaccines?

A
  1. Passage through cell lines/embryos
  2. Use of a naturally non-virulent or low path strain
  3. Inoculation of the vaccine via different route than that used by pathogen
  4. Deletion of certain gene segments for pathogenicity (gene deleted)
28
Q

What are some potential benefits to modified live vaccines?

A
  1. Longer immunity compared to killed vaccines
  2. Easier to administer on large scale (water or
    spray)
  3. Allows circulation through the flock (still get contact
    spread)
29
Q

What are some potential negatives to modified live vaccines?

A
  1. Can have reversion to pathogenicity
  2. Don’t have as much control over vaccine coverage of the flock (DISPERSION IS REALLY IMPORTANT)
  3. Can have rolling or “hot” reactions
  4. Vaccine reaction can be exacerbated by poor
    environmental conditions.
30
Q

What is a recombinant vaccine?

A

Vaccines that used for protection against viruses or
bacteria

31
Q

What are 3 common recombinant vaccines?

A
  1. ILT
  2. IBD
  3. Newcastle
32
Q

What is a killed vaccine?

A

Vaccine contains whole (killed) organisms or
portions of the organism that are needed to
activate the immune response

33
Q

Killed vaccines can only be administered by _____ only.

A

Injection (IM or subQ)

34
Q

What do you used with killed vaccines and why?

A

Adjuvant used to help boost the immune system

35
Q

What are some advantages of killed vaccines?

A
  1. More control over vaccination of the flock (all birds
    accounted for and vaccinated.)
  2. Provides excellent humoral immunity (important for
    breeder flocks)
36
Q

What are some disadvantages of killed vaccines?

A
  1. Very labor intensive (vaccine crews)
  2. More biosecurity risks bringing in outside vaccine crews
  3. Immunity generally doesn’t last as long compared to
    programs that utilize live vaccines (but combo of live and
    killed is best)
  4. Immunity very dependent on vaccine handling and crew
    effectiveness
37
Q

What are autogenous vaccines?

A

Vaccines created to target specific strains of
bacteria causing issues on certain
farms/premises

38
Q

What vaccines are made specific to a farm/company?

A

Autogenous

39
Q

What are autogenous vaccines made out of?

A

Made of whole killed bacterial organisms with
extraction/elimination of endotoxins (gram
negatives)

40
Q

What are 3 examples of autogenous vaccines?

A
  1. Pasteurella multocida
  2. Salmonella sp.
  3. Mycoplasma sp
41
Q

Vaccine schedules depend on?

A

Geograph regions and what diseases are present

Avian Health (23 decks)

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