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Avian Health > LECTURE 1: Evaluating a Sick Flock > Flashcards

LECTURE 1: Evaluating a Sick Flock Flashcards

* study ammonia cycle (slide 18)

1
Q

Half of the time what is the major cause of disease?

A

Management

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2
Q

What are the 3 points of the epidemiological triad?

A
  1. Agent
  2. Host
  3. Enviornment
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3
Q

For poultry how does the epidemiological triad really look?

A

The environment acts as a fulcrum in which the agent and host sit and balance on

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4
Q

What are the top 3 reasons the poultry vet is called?

A
  1. Elevated mortality
  2. Decreased feed/water intake**
  3. Low fertility
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5
Q

What disease is driven by a loss of feed/water intake?

A

AI

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6
Q

There is an ______ level of mortality in any form of animal production.

A

Expected

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7
Q

What are 3 factors that effects the levels of “accepted mortality” in birds?

A
  1. Breed/Strain (Genetics)
  2. Housing Type
  3. Age of the Animal
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8
Q

What housing system is the mortality the highest for layers?

A

Cage-Free

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9
Q

Each poultry sector has ______ causes of normal mortality? What does this mean?

A

Typical
You have normal expected causes of mortality, it is expected.

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10
Q

Mortality is generally counted in…..
Why is this used?

A

Birds/1000/Day
Give a threshold as to when you should investigate for a disease.

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11
Q

For layers how is mortality generally accounted for different from broilers and turkeys?

A

%/1000/Day

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12
Q

Why do you need to know a history about the farm that you know?

A

You need to know what you are working with, you need to know what the “normal” looks like or if the flock has a history of disease.

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13
Q

What are 3 key factors that effect what is normal physiology wise?

A
  1. Body Condition
  2. Feather Quality/Quantity/Staining
  3. Comb
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14
Q

What are 2 key factors that effect what is normal behavior wise?

A
  1. Scratching
  2. Vocalizing
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15
Q

What is formalin for?

A

Fix the tissues to the point where they can be trimmed, cut thin, and put under a slide to look at under a microscope

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16
Q

Tissue microscope analysis is called what…..

A

Histopathology

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17
Q

What is special about formalin?

A

Does not work well when its cold.

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18
Q

Why is an ammonia meter important?

A

Because you eventually become nose blind to ammonia and by the time you notice it, it is already above the levels it should be

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19
Q

What is the use for an infra-red temperature gun?

A

Looking at litter temperature and evaluating chick, duck, poult placement

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20
Q

Why would you use pH indicator strip?

A

People use water line sanitizers that work only at certain pH levels, you can use pH indicator strips to test if its working

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21
Q

Birds maintain drinking until what pH?

A

4

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22
Q

What does F.L.A.W.S stand for?

A
  1. Feed
  2. Lighting and Litter
  3. Air Quality
  4. Water
  5. Sanitation/Staff/Biosecurity
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23
Q

What are the top 3 things to look for in feed?

A
  1. Formulation Type
  2. Quality (moisture, evidence of fungus/mold, rodent contamination)
  3. Quantity
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24
Q

Why are recent feed changes important to know when you are working up the flock?

A

Feed intake can be reduced when the feed is switched. Anytime you change the amount of fat/protein you are altering the gut microbiome

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25
Q

Pellets are ideal for what birds?

A

Broilers, turkeys, and ducks

26
Q

Crumbles are ideal for what birds?

A

Young broilers and turkeys and +/- layer chicks

27
Q

Mash is ideal for what birds?

A

Layers

28
Q

What happens if feeders are too low?

A

Feed spillage, attracts unwanted critters

29
Q

Where should the lip of the feeder fall?

A

Crop height

30
Q

What is the purpose of “skip a day feeding” in broiler breeders?

(Fish tank analogy)

A

You don’t want them getting too big or too fat quick and helps majority with flock uniformity. Bottom end feeders get the feed they need.

31
Q

What is the downside of skip a day feeding?

A

Walking the barns pulling birds out of the pans.

32
Q

What is the importance of light in poultry?

A
  1. Regulation/modulation of reproduction
  2. Aggression
  3. Activity levels (birds only eat when the lights are on)
33
Q

What is GAP?

A

Global Animal Partnership (3rd party auditing group)
Plays are role in labeling for marketing

34
Q

Why is it important to measure light at bird height?

A

You wont get an accurate reading for the lighting of the birds if you aren’t recording lighting down or up by the birds (same goes for ammonia)

35
Q

What is the importance of litter? (top 3)

A
  1. Moisture absorbency**
  2. Foot pad health
  3. Coccidia cycling
36
Q

What does ammonia do to the birds?

A

Damages cilia (finger like projections) makes birds more prone to respiratory infections

37
Q

Why can new concrete be an issue in barns and with the birds?

A

Concrete sweats, increased ammonia levels, burns the cornea of the birds eye and induces blindness

38
Q

What is special about turkey water systems?

A

They will NOT drink from nipple drinkers will only drink from cups

39
Q

What happens if the water lines are set too low?

A

Trigger nipple drinkers with body when going under then and then you get leaks

40
Q

Why should you trigger the nipple drinkers when walking through the barns?

A

Make sure they are working and make sure the water pressure is right

41
Q

How can you test for litter moisture?

A

“snow ball test”

42
Q

Why is air quality important? (top 3)

A
  1. Thermoneutral zone (75 degrees Fahrenheit)
  2. Birds are dusty
  3. Predispose to respiratory conditions**
43
Q

What is the thermoneutral zone for ducks?

A

55 degrees Fahrenheit

44
Q

What are poultry house controllers, what are they used for?

A

Control housing temps and lighting
KNOW HOW TO USE BRAND
Important for accessing data

45
Q

Why is water important?

A
  1. Water consumption and feed consumption
  2. Hydration
  3. Thermoregulation
46
Q

What are the 3 pts of the biofilm cycle?

A
  1. Attachment
  2. Growth
  3. Detachment
47
Q

Why are biofilms important to keep in mind?

A

Contribute vastly to disease and can be difficult to get rid of

48
Q

What are 3 water sanitizers?

A
  1. Chlorine
  2. Chlorine Dioxide
  3. Peroxide Compounds
49
Q

What is another S term to use in describing flaws and why is it important?

A

Space
Decreased space means increased disease transmission, overcrowding leads to higher stress levels, more birds more feces

50
Q

What are methods to identify a disease or problem flock? (top 3)

A
  1. Monitoring and surveillance
  2. Performance measures (ELIZA)
  3. Field or lab necropsy and associated diagnostics
51
Q

What is the purpose of a convalescent titer?

A

You get a baseline of antibodies and then measure again in 2 weeks. Second peak in anti-bodies suggesting disease challenge.

52
Q

For serology what is a general guideline of how many samples needed?

A

20 samples

53
Q

What are 3 factors that effect when to sample?

A
  1. Age of the birds
  2. Disease characteristics/corresponding titers
  3. Established regulations
54
Q

What does the word “titer” mean?

A

Amount of antibodies/unit of blood

55
Q

What is important to keep in mind when taking diagnostic samples?

A

Get a representative sample of the entire flock (you sometimes only measure birds easy to catch, ect.)

56
Q

What is the diagonal method of sampling?

A

Walking diagonal and selecting birds for sampling that way, good for getting a representative sample of the entire flock.

57
Q

What are 3 pros in doing necropsies?

A
  1. Fastest way to identify lesions and sample a flock
  2. Allows for multiple different sample types to be acquired
  3. More sensitive as you can direct your sampling based on lesions present
58
Q

What are some cons to doing necropsies?

A
  1. If you do not know what you are doing then what was the purpose of that necropsy
  2. Might not represent the whole flock
  3. Can get contaminated samples
59
Q

How many birds should you necropsy?

A

As many as you can

60
Q

What is a good clue to the cause of death for poultry?

A

Distribution of mortality

61
Q

Why should you not just rely on the farm team to collect deads for necropsy?

A

They don’t know what samples are needed for a good necropsy. If they euthanize, they will get rid of the worst birds, not a good representative of the whole flock

62
Q

Why should you resubmit samples if you see differing signs?

A

Because birds are capable of developing multiple infections or issues unrelated to one another

Avian Health (23 decks)

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