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Avian Health > LECTURE 4: Primer to Avian Immunology > Flashcards

LECTURE 4: Primer to Avian Immunology Flashcards

*study antigen presentation (slide 25) + primary & secondary exposure (slide 35)

1
Q

What are antigens?

A

A molecule that stimulates an immune response

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2
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Immunoglobulins (glycoprotein) produced by B-cells to bind to antigens to aid in their destruction.

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3
Q

What are white blood cells?

A

specific types of immune cells

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4
Q

What are 5 types of WBCs?

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Lymphocytes
  3. Eosinophils
  4. Basophils
  5. Heterophils (neutrophils in mammals)
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5
Q

What is innate immunity?

A

Nonspecific defense mechanisms that come into “play” immediately or
within hours of challenge

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6
Q

What are the physical barriers of innate immunity?

A
  1. Mucociliary apparatus of the trachea
  2. SKIN!
  3. The GI tract
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7
Q

What is adaptive immunity?

A

Antigen-specific immune response. More complex than innate immunity

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8
Q

How does the adaptive immune system work?

A

Antigen must be processed and recognized by the immune system. Body then creates antigen specific immune cells to fight them off. Memory cells are then created as a response.

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9
Q

The mucociliary apparatus is apart of what immune system and what is its job?

A

Innate Immunity
Move particles

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10
Q

What is the largest organ?

A

the skin

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11
Q

The superficial skin layer that is the first line of defense is called?

A

Epidermis

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12
Q

TRUE or FALSE? All bacteria is harmful to the host.

A

FALSE

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13
Q

The surface of the GI tract can be referred to as an ________.

A

ecosystem

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14
Q

What is the gut microbiome

A

Area of bacteria and films that able to colonize that area. unique to everyone

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15
Q

Why is the gut microbiome important for poultry research?

A

as fewer antibiotics are used and gut health is prioritized

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16
Q

What are barriers at the surface of the intestines?

A
  1. Mucus
  2. Enterocytes
  3. Beneficial bacteria
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17
Q

Why are tight junctions important?

A

Connects enterocytes together
Prevents molecules from getting through

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18
Q

What are the two parts of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Humoral Immunity
  2. Cell Mediated Immunity
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19
Q

Antibodies are produced by what cells?

A

B cells
Bursa in birds

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20
Q

Antibodies respond to how many specific antigens?

A

ONE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN ONLY

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21
Q

How many antibodies does the body have to make if an antibody can only respond to one antigen?

A

Millions

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22
Q

Where are antibodies found?

A

circulating throughout the body

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23
Q

What is the purpose of antibodies?

A

Bind to antigens coating the surface of various pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi) and marks these tagged cells for destruction
by the immune system

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24
Q

Where the do the first dosage of antibodies come from for the chicks?

A

Yolk

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25
Q

What are the 2 pathways that antibodies are produced/aquired?

A
  1. Created by B-lymphocytes
  2. Produced by the hen: maternal antibodies (passive immunity) that are deposited into the yolk.
26
Q

IgY

A

Main antibody in circulation and the
“work horse” of the antibodies

27
Q

IgM

A

First initial antibodies produced but
have the shortest have life. First line of defense against septicemia

28
Q

What is septicemia?

A

End of bacteria in the blood

29
Q

IgA

A

SECRETORY antibodies that are
released into biological fluids (mucus really common)

30
Q

What is the antigen binding sight?

A

Area where the body will recognize the antigen

31
Q

IgY half life?

A

4 days

32
Q

IgM half life?

A

2 days (SHORTEST)

33
Q

B lymphocytes produced in the ________ in chicks?

A

Bursa of Fabricius

34
Q

Bursa of Fabricius is only present until?

A

Maturity, b cells then produced else where post maturity

35
Q

B-cells then develop where?

A

spleen and bone marrow

36
Q

B-cells circulate where?

A

circulate in the blood

37
Q

Plasma cells are?

A

B-cells that produce large numbers of antibodies

38
Q

HOW ARE ANTIBODIES GENERATED
BY THE BIRD? (5 Steps)

A
  1. Bird is exposed to a pathogen (bacteria, virus, parasite, fungus)
  2. Antigen presenting cells (macrophages) “ingest” the pathogen.
  3. Macrophages “digest” the pathogen.
  4. Macrophages “present” antigen on their cell surface.
  5. Helper T-lymphocytes and B-cells can then interact with macrophage and induce the B-cell to begin producing antibodies.
39
Q

Macrophages do what?

A

“Eat” bacteria and break it up

40
Q

What is the MCH II molecule?

A

Hand that is raised involved with antigen presentation

41
Q

What are the 5 types of T cells?

A
  1. CD4 Helper
  2. CD4 Suppressor T Cells
  3. CD8 Cytotoxic Killer Cells
  4. Natural Killer Cells (NK)
  5. Memory T Cells
42
Q

*CD4 Helper T-cells do what?

A

Help activate B-cells to produce antibodies by interfacing with the
macrophage

43
Q

CD4 Suppressor T-cells do what?

A

Needed to stop an immune response

44
Q

CD8 cytotoxic killer cells do what?

A

Special T-cells that directly kill cells that present the antigen they were
made to “kill”

45
Q

Natural Killer cells (NK) do what?

A

Important for viral clearance and killing cancer cells

46
Q

*Memory T-cells do what?

A

Allows for a more rapid and robust immune response on subsequent
exposure to a given antigen (pathogen)

47
Q

Cell mediated immunity is not well
developed in birds until when?

A

6 wks of age

48
Q

Where do T cells come from?

A

Thymus

49
Q

The thymus is only present until when?

A

Sexual maturity

50
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

Antibodies going from hen to chick

51
Q

Maternal antibodies are based on what?

A

the HEN IS VACCINATED FOR or has been EXPOSED to

52
Q

What two immunoglobulins are passed from hen to chick? Why?

A

Only IgM and IgA
Relatively short time that these antibodies are protected

53
Q

How long do maternal antibodies last?

A

21 days

54
Q

How long does it take for these antibodies to be made after antigen exposure?
-IgM
-IgY

A
  1. After 2-3 days post antigen exposure
  2. After 10-15 days post antigen exposure
55
Q

Every time you are vaccinated what happens to the titer levels?

A

Spike

56
Q

Why do you eventually have a stop to the titer increase as you vaccinate so many times?

A

The body can make only so many antibodies

57
Q

TRUE or FALSE? The way the body protects against a given
disease is always the same.

A

FALSE, not always the same

58
Q

ILT immunity depends on

A

cell-mediated immunity

59
Q

IBV immunity depends on

A

humoral immunity

60
Q

Heterophils
What are they?
What are they for?

A
  1. Most common circulating white blood cell
  2. Find something eat it and destroy it
61
Q

Eosinophils are important for?

A

Very important role in controlling parasites, and inducing allergies

62
Q

Basophils play a role with?

A

Also have a role in allergic reactions

Avian Health (23 decks)

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