Lecture 5 Flashcards
What are stereotypes?
Impressions of groups formed by associating characteristics with those groups
Stereotypes are cognitive representations that can influence perceptions and interactions.
Define prejudice.
Positive or negative evaluations of a group
Prejudice is primarily affective, reflecting emotions or feelings towards a group.
What is discrimination?
Positive or negative behavior directed towards a group
Discrimination can manifest as unfair treatment or providing undeserved advantages.
What does social identity theory propose?
Individuals identify with groups, which drives self-esteem and influences opinions
What is the self-categorization process?
Identifying as a member of a group while often belonging to multiple groups
This influences how individuals perceive themselves and others.
What is the in-group versus out-group distinction?
In-group members are seen as similar, while out-group members are viewed as dissimilar and homogeneous
This leads to in-group favoritism and out-group bias.
What is the minimal group paradigm?
A method to study group effects by randomly assigning individuals to arbitrary groups
Used by Brewer and Weber to analyze behavior in group settings.
What is in-group favoritism?
Initial positivity towards in-group members
This phenomenon can lead to negative behavior towards out-group members.
What is the out-group homogeneity effect?
Seeing out-group members as less diverse than in-group members
This can lead to stereotypes and generalized beliefs about out-groups.
What does the categorization-competition hypothesis suggest?
Viewing people in terms of in-groups and out-groups generates intergroup competition
Supported by the minimal group paradigm, it shows how arbitrary distinctions can lead to bias.
What is the self-esteem hypothesis?
In-group success enhances self-esteem through basking in reflective glory cialdini 1976.
This reinforces group identity and can lead to negative feelings about out-groups.
What is realistic conflict theory?
Group conflict arises when resources are contested
Illustrated by the Robber’s Cave study, it shows how competition can fuel bias.
What are the two types of perceived threats in intergroup threat theory?
Symbolic (status) and realistic (resources)
These threats can lead to biases against out-groups.
What constitutes blatant discrimination?
Intentional and visible unequal and harmful treatment
This form of discrimination is easily recognized and can be legally addressed.
What is subtle discrimination?
Less visible and often unnoticed treatment that can be internalized
Includes microaggressions, which can be covert and malicious.
What is the theory of planned behavior?
Ajzen 1991- behaviour is complex and rarely rational, combination of factors such as attitudes and norms. what we use for prejudice to transition to discrimination
Developed by Ajzen, it highlights the complexity of behavior.
What are internal and external motivations to control prejudice?
Internal: personal belief it is wrong; External: social pressure
These motivations operate separately and influence behavior differently.
True or False: Suppressing discrimination is easy and requires little effort.
False
Suppressing discrimination requires attention and mental effort, which can be difficult.
What happens when control is lost regarding prejudice?
Prejudice may leak out through automatic processes
This occurs when underlying attitudes strongly influence behavior.
what are the soures of group membership
direct reminder, out-group members, being a minority, intergroup conflict.
tajfel suggested what about groups
drive our self esteem, share and adopt opinions for validation beleve
billig and tajfel 1973
split school boys, asked them to divide points between in and out group. Found that favoured ingroup- give themselves mor epoints
brewer and webber found what in the perceptual estimation task
participants were shown either majority or minority doing well. Majority: majority is bad - good, majority is good- bad. Minority: Minority is good- good, majority is bad, bad.
realistic conflict theory comes from what 2 studies
- tov and schmidt 2004 and robbers cave experiment from sherif et al 1954.
tov and schmidt 2004: measured the proportion of immigrants and the feelings of threat, what did they find?
localiting did not predict exclusionary attitudes but perceived proportion predicted both exclusionary threats and perceived threats
robbers cave- sherif t al 1954
22 boys split into 2 groups- very competitive when resources where contested between them.
