Lecture 5

Question 1

What are stereotypes?

Answer 1

Impressions of groups formed by associating characteristics with those groups

Stereotypes are cognitive representations that can influence perceptions and interactions.

Question 2

Define prejudice.

Answer 2

Positive or negative evaluations of a group

Prejudice is primarily affective, reflecting emotions or feelings towards a group.

Question 3

What is discrimination?

Answer 3

Positive or negative behavior directed towards a group

Discrimination can manifest as unfair treatment or providing undeserved advantages.

Question 4

What does social identity theory propose?

Answer 4

Individuals identify with groups, which drives self-esteem and influences opinions

Question 5

What is the self-categorization process?

Answer 5

Identifying as a member of a group while often belonging to multiple groups

This influences how individuals perceive themselves and others.

Question 6

What is the in-group versus out-group distinction?

Answer 6

In-group members are seen as similar, while out-group members are viewed as dissimilar and homogeneous

This leads to in-group favoritism and out-group bias.

Question 7

What is the minimal group paradigm?

Answer 7

A method to study group effects by randomly assigning individuals to arbitrary groups

Used by Brewer and Weber to analyze behavior in group settings.

Question 8

What is in-group favoritism?

Answer 8

Initial positivity towards in-group members

This phenomenon can lead to negative behavior towards out-group members.

Question 9

What is the out-group homogeneity effect?

Answer 9

Seeing out-group members as less diverse than in-group members

This can lead to stereotypes and generalized beliefs about out-groups.

Question 10

What does the categorization-competition hypothesis suggest?

Answer 10

Viewing people in terms of in-groups and out-groups generates intergroup competition

Supported by the minimal group paradigm, it shows how arbitrary distinctions can lead to bias.

Question 11

What is the self-esteem hypothesis?

Answer 11

In-group success enhances self-esteem through basking in reflective glory cialdini 1976.

This reinforces group identity and can lead to negative feelings about out-groups.

Question 12

What is realistic conflict theory?

Answer 12

Group conflict arises when resources are contested

Illustrated by the Robber’s Cave study, it shows how competition can fuel bias.

Question 13

What are the two types of perceived threats in intergroup threat theory?

Answer 13

Symbolic (status) and realistic (resources)

These threats can lead to biases against out-groups.

Question 14

What constitutes blatant discrimination?

Answer 14

Intentional and visible unequal and harmful treatment

This form of discrimination is easily recognized and can be legally addressed.

Question 15

What is subtle discrimination?

Answer 15

Less visible and often unnoticed treatment that can be internalized

Includes microaggressions, which can be covert and malicious.

Question 16

What is the theory of planned behavior?

Answer 16

Ajzen 1991- behaviour is complex and rarely rational, combination of factors such as attitudes and norms. what we use for prejudice to transition to discrimination

Developed by Ajzen, it highlights the complexity of behavior.

Question 17

What are internal and external motivations to control prejudice?

Answer 17

Internal: personal belief it is wrong; External: social pressure

These motivations operate separately and influence behavior differently.

Question 18

True or False: Suppressing discrimination is easy and requires little effort.

Answer 18

False

Suppressing discrimination requires attention and mental effort, which can be difficult.

Question 19

What happens when control is lost regarding prejudice?

Answer 19

Prejudice may leak out through automatic processes

This occurs when underlying attitudes strongly influence behavior.

Question 20

what are the soures of group membership

Answer 20

direct reminder, out-group members, being a minority, intergroup conflict.

Question 20

tajfel suggested what about groups

Answer 20

drive our self esteem, share and adopt opinions for validation beleve

Question 21

billig and tajfel 1973

Answer 21

split school boys, asked them to divide points between in and out group. Found that favoured ingroup- give themselves mor epoints

Question 21

brewer and webber found what in the perceptual estimation task

Answer 21

participants were shown either majority or minority doing well. Majority: majority is bad - good, majority is good- bad. Minority: Minority is good- good, majority is bad, bad.

Question 22

realistic conflict theory comes from what 2 studies

Answer 22

• tov and schmidt 2004 and robbers cave experiment from sherif et al 1954.

Question 23

tov and schmidt 2004: measured the proportion of immigrants and the feelings of threat, what did they find?

Answer 23

localiting did not predict exclusionary attitudes but perceived proportion predicted both exclusionary threats and perceived threats

Question 24

robbers cave- sherif t al 1954

Answer 24

22 boys split into 2 groups- very competitive when resources where contested between them.