Lecture 5

Question 1

What are the three components of emotions? Give one example each

Answer 1

1. Physiological (heart rate)
2. Expressive (facial expression)
3. Experiential (feelings)

Question 2

What are Ekman’s 6 basic emotions according to his model, and what does he model about its canalization?

Answer 2

1. Happiness
2. Anger
3. Sadness
4. Fear
5. disgust
6. surprise
   They are all universal/innate

Question 3

What is the difference between primary and secondary emotion?

Answer 3

Secondary emotion is self conscious and arrives in the second year of life

Primary emotion emerges at 2-7 mos

Question 4

What is the order of appearance of the basic emotions?

Answer 4

1. Happiness
2. Anger
3. Fear

Question 5

What is is called when infants use the emotions of adults to regulate their behaviours?

Answer 5

Social referencing

Question 6

What are the two categories of infant emotional regulation?

Answer 6

Do it yourself, and parental help

Question 7

What are 4 reasons emotional regulation relies less on parents as infants age?

Answer 7

1. They implement cognitive strategies i.e.. delulu
2. They use language to express and regulate emotions
3. They learn consequences of emotional outburst
4. Physical growth/maturation (frontal lobe)

Question 8

What are the two types of smile? When does the second type occur and how do they differ?

Answer 8

Reflex smile, and social smile occurs between 6-10 weeks and is a result of stimulus

Question 9

What sex assigned at birth generally smiles more?

Answer 9

Girls

Question 10

When is anger thought to be recorded first?

Answer 10

2-6 ish months, hard to tell

Question 11

When do infants exhibit fear of strangers?

Answer 11

Around 6 mos

Question 12

What characteristics do babies react less to?

Answer 12

Babies perceive children as less threatening, and obv friendly acting people

Question 13

What two contexts are studied that influence baby reactions to strangers?

Answer 13

1. Familiar setting
2. Social referencing is important

Question 14

What is a purpose of secondary emotion?

Answer 14

It helps to develop socially-appropriate behaviour

Question 15

What does the Harlow-Zimmerman experiment demonstrate?

Answer 15

Monkeys fed by wire “moms” will still prefer cloth ones, this suggests an innate tendency for attachment to certain traits

Question 16

What are the 4 results of the strange situation experiment?

Answer 16

1. Secure attachment
2. Insecure-Avoidant
3. Insecure-Resistant
4. Insecure-Disorganized

Question 17

What strange situation test results are associated with Secure attachment? What are the trends in development associated with this?

Answer 17

Children will be upset when parents leave, and will be consolable upon return. Children in this category have less psychopathologies, and are better able to cope with issues later in life.

Question 18

What strange situation test results are associated with insecure avoidant children? What are the trends in development associated with this?

Answer 18

Children will be indifferent to parents leaving or entering. This is associated with non-anxiety related disorders, and problems forming attachment and seeking support.

Question 19

What strange situation test results are associated with insecure resistant children? What are the trends in development associated with this?

Answer 19

Children are clingy in the absence of the parent and inconsolable on return. These children are more likely to develop anxiety-related disorders and are more dependent on adults.

Question 20

What strange situation test results are associated with insecure disorganized children? What are the trends in development associated with this?

Answer 20

These children show contradictory behaviour on return. These children are correlated with the most insecurity, most behavioral problems, and a greater risk for less common types of psychopathologies.

Question 21

What is a criticism of the extrapolation of attachment studies?

Answer 21

This is all done with North American culture. Cultural practices may impact the measurement of attachment.