Lecture 4 Flashcards
What are the three stages of birth with general descriptions?
- Contractions and dilation of cervix
- Delivery
- Detachment of Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Membranes
How long generally does each birth stage last?
- 12-14 hours
- 20-50mins
- 10 mins
What does APGAR stand for? What is it?
It is a post-natal vital sign assessment tool
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiratory effort
What is considered a normal gestational age?
37-42 weeks
What are the levels of low birth weight?
LBW (2500g)
VLBW (1500g)
ELBW (1000g)
What does AGA stand for and what defines it?
Appropriate (size) for gestational age (10-90th percentile)
What are the parameters of low viability birth? (9-30% survive, 50% with major disabilities)
22 weeks of gestation, or under 1 lb
Are LBW infants able to catch up to AGA infants?
Yes
What is the statistic for LBW infants and death?
They are 25x more likely to die in the first month
What are 3 major issues with preterm birth?
- Lungs are missing surfactant to seal
- Temperature regulation is very poor
- Brain bleeds and heart valve problems
What is the difference between adaptive and primitive reflexes?
Adaptive reflexes help newborns survive and can persist through life ie. sucking
Primitive reflexes disappear usually and are controlled by more primitive parts of the brain
What is the Babinski reflex?
Toes up and out on foot sole stroke
What is the Moro reflex?
A sudden noise or loss of support will cause the infant to throw the arms and legs out
What is the plantar refex?
Curling of the toes when an object is placed under
What is the rooting reflex?
A soft touch on the cheek leads to a head turn towards it
What is the tonic neck reflex?
A lying baby will extend the arm and leg of the side the head is facing
When is the general risk stage for SIDS?
It is rare in month 1, most cases are month 2-4, and 90% of cases happen by 6 months
What are some risk factors associated with SIDS?
Smoking, LBW, Family history, Male, Respiratory Illness, Drugs in pregnancy, formula?
What are the benefits of breast fed babies?
- Lower incidence of GI/respiratory infections
- Lower incidence of SIDS
What are the benefits of having a child sleep on their back? (3)
- Lower incidence of SIDS
- Lower CO2 levels in body
- Lower incidence of sleep apnea
Why is infant sucking important to research?
It stops with distraction, it varies based on attention and to stimulus
What are two roles of sucking in infants?
- Buffers against pain
- Means of exploration
What is the name of the experiment where a pacifier is used for the baby to control the presence of a stimulus?
A non-nutritive sucking paradigm
Do babies have different types of crying?
Yes: hunger, fear, pain
Early motor development consists of what two types of development?
Postural and locomotor development (trunk of body/movement)
Prehension (hands)
What are proximodistal and cephalocaudal motor development/growth?
Proximodistal: middle of the body to extremities
Cephalocaudal: Head to tail
What are the three stages of brain development?
- Cell production
- Cell migration from neural tube
- Cell elaboration
By 6 years of age how much of the brain has been developed in weight?
90%
How is lateralization described post natally?
There is some lateralization naturally but there is plasticity in case of damage.
What are 6 methods of research in infancy (with minor descriptions)?
- Preference method (two stimulus, baby attention/look)
- Habituation method (Once baby is habituated to a stimulus, it is changed)
- Brain activity measured
- Violation of expectation (possible vs. impossible event)
- Non-nutritive sucking
- Facial expression
When is smell present in infants?
Within hours of birth infants have reaction to good or bad smells
Can children recognize their parents by smell? How do we know? At what age does this develop?
yes, experiment with breast pads, favor mother by 2 days, acts in preference of mother by 6 days
When does taste develop?
Prenatally
What is the first prenatal sense to develop?
Touch
Why is temperature a big deal to babies?
They are not able to regulate their internal temperature as they cannot sweat or change their environments.
What is the correlation between pain and Kangaroo Care?
Kangaroo Care is correlated to less pain response to heel prick test
What is evidence that fetus can hear language patterns?
- Fetus respond to stories heard in utero
- French babies can discriminate between French an Russian
- Cry patterns can mimic accent
How does infant pitch sensitivity change?
They are more sensitive to low pitch sounds before 3 months, and more sensitive to high pitch sounds by 6 mos
What sound does a baby most prefer?
Mother’s voice
What are common causes of preterm birth?
Smoking, alcohol, stress, teen pregnancy
What happens in the cell elaboration phase of brain development?
Synapses are formed, and then pruned
What is the pattern of hearing development in infants?
Lower pitch preference until 3 mos, higher pitch sensitive at 6 mos, improves until 10 yrs
Why is vision poor in infants?
Poor accommodation by the lens
Less photoreceptors
Ocular Muscles developing
Visual cortex immature
What will infants recognize about faces before 3 mos?
Contours
In what two categories other than acuity are infant vision poor at?
Contrast sensitivity and depth perception
What is dual representation in terms of senses? What is the slide example of this?
It is the combination of two or more senses, such as watching a movie with sound and picture
What is characteristic of the sensorimotor stage?
Movement from reflexive to goal oriented action eg circular reactions
What Piagetian stage is associated with the A not B test? What is the test?
The test comprises of hiding an object in one spot multiple times, and then assessing a child after demonstrating hiding it in another spot. Children in the sensorimotor period can generally distinguish this.
Give examples of phonemes, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics in motherese
Phonemes (sound): higher pitch, slower speed
Semantics (words): simple words, limited words
Syntax (sentence structure): Short well formed
Pragmatics (speaking interaction with others): More questions/directives
At what ages does face perception narrowing generally finalize?
6-9 mos
