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PSY 2114 > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three stages of birth with general descriptions?

A
  1. Contractions and dilation of cervix
  2. Delivery
  3. Detachment of Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Membranes
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2
Q

How long generally does each birth stage last?

A
  1. 12-14 hours
  2. 20-50mins
  3. 10 mins
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3
Q

What does APGAR stand for? What is it?

A

It is a post-natal vital sign assessment tool
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiratory effort

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4
Q

What is considered a normal gestational age?

A

37-42 weeks

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5
Q

What are the levels of low birth weight?

A

LBW (2500g)
VLBW (1500g)
ELBW (1000g)

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6
Q

What does AGA stand for and what defines it?

A

Appropriate (size) for gestational age (10-90th percentile)

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7
Q

What are the parameters of low viability birth? (9-30% survive, 50% with major disabilities)

A

22 weeks of gestation, or under 1 lb

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8
Q

Are LBW infants able to catch up to AGA infants?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What is the statistic for LBW infants and death?

A

They are 25x more likely to die in the first month

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10
Q

What are 3 major issues with preterm birth?

A
  1. Lungs are missing surfactant to seal
  2. Temperature regulation is very poor
  3. Brain bleeds and heart valve problems
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11
Q

What is the difference between adaptive and primitive reflexes?

A

Adaptive reflexes help newborns survive and can persist through life ie. sucking

Primitive reflexes disappear usually and are controlled by more primitive parts of the brain

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12
Q

What is the Babinski reflex?

A

Toes up and out on foot sole stroke

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13
Q

What is the Moro reflex?

A

A sudden noise or loss of support will cause the infant to throw the arms and legs out

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14
Q

What is the plantar refex?

A

Curling of the toes when an object is placed under

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15
Q

What is the rooting reflex?

A

A soft touch on the cheek leads to a head turn towards it

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16
Q

What is the tonic neck reflex?

A

A lying baby will extend the arm and leg of the side the head is facing

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17
Q

When is the general risk stage for SIDS?

A

It is rare in month 1, most cases are month 2-4, and 90% of cases happen by 6 months

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18
Q

What are some risk factors associated with SIDS?

A

Smoking, LBW, Family history, Male, Respiratory Illness, Drugs in pregnancy, formula?

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19
Q

What are the benefits of breast fed babies?

A
  1. Lower incidence of GI/respiratory infections
  2. Lower incidence of SIDS
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20
Q

What are the benefits of having a child sleep on their back? (3)

A
  1. Lower incidence of SIDS
  2. Lower CO2 levels in body
  3. Lower incidence of sleep apnea
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21
Q

Why is infant sucking important to research?

A

It stops with distraction, it varies based on attention and to stimulus

22
Q

What are two roles of sucking in infants?

A
  1. Buffers against pain
  2. Means of exploration
23
Q

What is the name of the experiment where a pacifier is used for the baby to control the presence of a stimulus?

A

A non-nutritive sucking paradigm

24
Q

Do babies have different types of crying?

A

Yes: hunger, fear, pain

25
Q

Early motor development consists of what two types of development?

A

Postural and locomotor development (trunk of body/movement)

Prehension (hands)

26
Q

What are proximodistal and cephalocaudal motor development/growth?

A

Proximodistal: middle of the body to extremities
Cephalocaudal: Head to tail

27
Q

What are the three stages of brain development?

A
  1. Cell production
  2. Cell migration from neural tube
  3. Cell elaboration
28
Q

By 6 years of age how much of the brain has been developed in weight?

A

90%

29
Q

How is lateralization described post natally?

A

There is some lateralization naturally but there is plasticity in case of damage.

30
Q

What are 6 methods of research in infancy (with minor descriptions)?

A
  1. Preference method (two stimulus, baby attention/look)
  2. Habituation method (Once baby is habituated to a stimulus, it is changed)
  3. Brain activity measured
  4. Violation of expectation (possible vs. impossible event)
  5. Non-nutritive sucking
  6. Facial expression
31
Q

When is smell present in infants?

A

Within hours of birth infants have reaction to good or bad smells

32
Q

Can children recognize their parents by smell? How do we know? At what age does this develop?

A

yes, experiment with breast pads, favor mother by 2 days, acts in preference of mother by 6 days

33
Q

When does taste develop?

A

Prenatally

34
Q

What is the first prenatal sense to develop?

A

Touch

35
Q

Why is temperature a big deal to babies?

A

They are not able to regulate their internal temperature as they cannot sweat or change their environments.

36
Q

What is the correlation between pain and Kangaroo Care?

A

Kangaroo Care is correlated to less pain response to heel prick test

37
Q

What is evidence that fetus can hear language patterns?

A
  1. Fetus respond to stories heard in utero
  2. French babies can discriminate between French an Russian
  3. Cry patterns can mimic accent
38
Q

How does infant pitch sensitivity change?

A

They are more sensitive to low pitch sounds before 3 months, and more sensitive to high pitch sounds by 6 mos

39
Q

What sound does a baby most prefer?

A

Mother’s voice

40
Q

What are common causes of preterm birth?

A

Smoking, alcohol, stress, teen pregnancy

41
Q

What happens in the cell elaboration phase of brain development?

A

Synapses are formed, and then pruned

42
Q

What is the pattern of hearing development in infants?

A

Lower pitch preference until 3 mos, higher pitch sensitive at 6 mos, improves until 10 yrs

43
Q

Why is vision poor in infants?

A

Poor accommodation by the lens
Less photoreceptors
Ocular Muscles developing
Visual cortex immature

44
Q

What will infants recognize about faces before 3 mos?

A

Contours

45
Q

In what two categories other than acuity are infant vision poor at?

A

Contrast sensitivity and depth perception

46
Q

What is dual representation in terms of senses? What is the slide example of this?

A

It is the combination of two or more senses, such as watching a movie with sound and picture

47
Q

What is characteristic of the sensorimotor stage?

A

Movement from reflexive to goal oriented action eg circular reactions

48
Q

What Piagetian stage is associated with the A not B test? What is the test?

A

The test comprises of hiding an object in one spot multiple times, and then assessing a child after demonstrating hiding it in another spot. Children in the sensorimotor period can generally distinguish this.

49
Q

Give examples of phonemes, semantics, syntax, and pragmatics in motherese

A

Phonemes (sound): higher pitch, slower speed
Semantics (words): simple words, limited words
Syntax (sentence structure): Short well formed
Pragmatics (speaking interaction with others): More questions/directives

50
Q

At what ages does face perception narrowing generally finalize?

A

6-9 mos

51
Q
A

PSY 2114 (16 decks)

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