Lec 10 Flashcards
Adolescence
How much earlier than boys do girls typically begin puberty?
2 yrs
What hormones are purposed towards body growth?
Growth hormones (GH), and thyroxine
What sex hormones are released during puberty?
Boys = testosterone
Girls = estrogen
What body proportions change in puberty?
The hands, feet, and legs grows first (reverse cephalocaudal)
Boys= Shoulders >hips
Girls = Hips > waist/shoulders
What % of boys reported PED use?
2-8%
What is involvement in sports correlated with (positive)?
Cognitive, social, motor development benefits
Peer admiration / Self-esteem
What is the difference between primary and secondary sex characteristics?
- Changes to reproductive organs
- Visible on outside of body
What is the phase shift production of melatonin associated with puberty?
Some adolescents have a phase shift later (night owls)
What are the two types of sleep phase delay?
- Biological
- Behavioural (schedule/light exposure)
What are some reasons teens are so moody?
- May be the hormones
- Also facing negative life experiences
- Lots of expectation to live up to the cultural expectation
What brain development is linked with adolescence? (4)
- Pruning of unused synapses
- Growth/myelination of fibers
- Links between brain areas
- Neurons are more responsive to excitatory NTs
What is a reasonable explanation for parent-adolescent conflict?
In evolution, children would leave the family to reproduce at this age
What gender of child is more likely to have parental conflict, why?
Girls because maybe parents are more restrictive
What were the results of the pubertal timing survey?
- harsh maternal control accelerated the onset of puberty in girls
- Positive family experiences dud not predict timing
- The biggest factor was biological, parental timing of puberty.
What does familiar instability lead to in boys?
It tends to lead to earlier puberty.
What is life history theory?
There is a trade off between growth (somatic effort) or sexual maturity (reproductive effort)
What were the three measures tested in the life history theory study?
- Environmental harshness
- Environmental unpredictability
- Maternal Attachment
What was the result of the Life History Theory Study?
Unpredictable environment has no effect, environmental harshness would lead to an earlier menarche if no secure attachment to mother
What are the effects of early maturation?
Males tend to do well socially, females tend to have emotional and social difficulty
What do early puberty, poor body image, and family focus on weight constitute risk factors for?
Eating disorders
What is anorexia (nervosa)
Excessive limitation of food intake by a compulsive fear of getting fat
What are the social risks of early maturation?
Tend to seek out older groups with a social disconnect
What percent of anorexia patients are male?
10%
What is the treatment for anorexia?
(family) Therapy, hospitalization, medication
What effect did deep brain stimulation have on anorexic patients? What does it do?
It is the electric stimulation of anxiety/mood, and could benefit anorexia patients, where 3/6 patients gained weight and improved their mood
What is bulimia
Strict dieting/exercising and then binge eating and then purging by laxatives and vomiting
What mental driving force is behind bulimia?
A pathological anxiety about weight gain.
What are the risk factors for bulimia?
Genetics, overweight, early puberty, risk-takers, sensation-seekers
What is the difference in treatment between bulimia and anorexia?
Bulimia generally is a shameful subject, which makes it easier to treat than anxiety which is sometimes seen as a prideful point
What is the treatment for bulimia?
Support groups, nutrition education, medication
How many active teenagers use consistent contraception?
roughly 80%
What are two factors affecting sexual activity?
Early activity easier among low SES teens, and living in a hazardous neighbourhood
What are risk factors for adolescent parenthood?
- Low SES
- Ethnic minority and low income
- Parent had adolescent preganancy
What are general outcomes of adolescent parents?
Chance of completing high school decreases, higher rate of divorce/ lower of marriage, more likely to have poor/no job
How does the male body change during adolescence?
Muscle growth, body hair, male sex characteristics
How does the female body change during adolescence?
Breasts uterus, vagina mature, accumulation of fat, menstruation
