lecture 4- Totalitarianism conceptual

Question 1

23 aug

Answer 1

ribbentrop and stalin sign non aggression between ussr and Germany

Question 2

quantitative growth

Answer 2

budget
personal
bureaucracy
expertise- new science of the running of the state

Question 3

qualitative change

Answer 3

• democratisation- more rights, parties, frustrations of the elite rule
• social question- late 19th c growing sense of limitation of liasse faire state more awareness of people misfortune being structural not individual
• nationalisation of the masses- used to suppress social conflict and increase power of the state and it can be seen as an effect of the democratisation
• mobilisation of society-
• warfare state- integration of war and home front happens on a qualitative new level with first and second war and never goes away
  osmosis of state and society
  they develop into welfare state or totalitarian state

Question 4

historiography of totalitarianism

Answer 4

• contemporary historiography
• after 1945 totalitariansm
• revisionist historiography from 1960s onwars
• return to theories of totalitarianism after 1989

Question 5

positive interpretation

Answer 5

gentile, mussolini, schmitt, jungar
used negatively but then used positively by rulers
sought a monopoly on power as oppose to liberlism and plurality
associated with renewing and penetrating every are of human life total presence
citizens who fail to work for the ends defined by the state are outside moral life and need to be dealt with harshly
schmitt in Germany uses totalitarinsm as a way to critique libarlism recognises Italian definition but uses it in a different way. he uses it in a way to make german state stronger. he differentiate between qualitative and quantitative total.
junger talks about total mobalisation for warfare fusion of how everything and everyone should serve the state and the ultimate interest of the state is war

Question 6

liberal critique

Answer 6

croce, sturzo
croce influential in how he conceptualised what facism and totalitarins is but how he influence both facist and liberal thinkers
he saw it as a moral disease in the face of war (WWI) he sees it as an interruption of liberal progress in a manifest of anti fasist in 1925 Italy he expresses hope that Italian will recognise the danger of facism and that they will appreciate liberalism more

Question 7

marxism vision

Answer 7

Gramsci
fascism is a terrorist dictatorship of the most imperialist capitalism, impression of the proletariat
does recognise that this new politics does get support from both bourougse and proletariat
gramsci in soviet russia comes back to Italy to organise a communist party to be anti fascist snd he tries to make sense of the events as they happen
his theory of fasicm is the bourg has lost its important due to rise of industry and they took to the streets and the working class has mistakenly joined
appreciates the pool of facist athstetic in an attempt to explain why so many people were attracted to it

Question 8

fascist and nazi view of communism

Answer 8

-competition
- conspiracy against state
- nazi and USSR are put into same box as many fled so UK and us and influence intellectual thought

Question 9

after 1945

Answer 9

facism and communism both seen as totalitariansm helps explain shift form ussr as ally and then to cold war putting germany and USSR into one box help to explain this

arendt- concentration camps essence of totalitarntarianism due to its dehumanisation

friedrich and brezinski 1. official doctrine 2. single mass party led by dictator and its in control of state 3. police terror to encourage compliance 4. mas control on all means of communication 5. control of army 6. control over civil and econ organisations this model has been applied to various historical cases but meant as a model of thinking
they saw ussr and germnay alike both aligning with model

talmon- distinguishes between right and left totalitarinsm but decides they have more similarities than differences
implies eu development is not immune its something that has grown internally not come in externally

Question 10

revisionist historiography: 1960 onwards

Answer 10

• rise of social and cultural history
• interaction between regime and society
  -division within regime and within society
  -focus less on terror more on popular support/ mobalisation
  pinpoint limits of models and how they don’t conform
• destanalisation and from 1960s onwards access to archives
  interaction between society and the state
• generic facism anti modernist ideology facism small and capital F small f seen in Germany and elsewhere in the world
  new critique of capitalism
  2 debates emerge- special path of development in Germany which talks about the failure of the germany bourg and liberalism leading up to WWI and the lack of the truly embedded whiemar republic all of this combine lead to hitler nazis and the horrors that follow. unlke everywhere else in eu germany has special path of development
  critique is about who you compare this to if you look at britiain germany does look special but fi you look at the bolshovics than it does not appear special

intetionalist and structualist
ideological intention of hitler who made holocaust functional
structure of functionalist focus on the structure of the regime as the cause of the regime

Question 11

after 1989

Answer 11

• cold war endds
• renewed interest in totalitarianism theisis
  -hebermass denies exceptional character of german nazism new germany national identity should be grounded in constitutional patronism
  -historikerstreit 1986- 1987
• debate now is focus not on the whether but rather how to use the world totalitarian
  how the system functioned
  how it was experienced