Breuilly- Nationalism and national unification

Question 1

Define nationalism

Answer 1

a politics that strives for autonomy for the nation

Question 2

How did the transition to nation-states occur?

Answer 2

1. the state can nationalise the people and institutions without changing the boarders
2. national efforts to secede from a larger state to establish a separate state- common in 19th century europe
3. national movmenment that strives to unitea fragmented nation into a single nation state

Question 3

Polish moderates vs radicals

Answer 3

moderates wanted to resotre the old hierachical systm of power

Radicals sought emancipation of the powerless peasantary through an uprising of all classes

Seen in Italy but not in Germany where they were governed by german princes not by other countries. German nationalist more concerned with how the confederation should be nationalised eg uni with shared curricular or same currency

Question 4

difference in Poland, Germany and Italy

Answer 4

Polish nationalism seen as resistance to foreing domination which isn’t possible with Germany. Italy is a middle ground as part ruled by Italian prince but Habsburgs prominent in north/

Question 5

frankfurt parliament

Answer 5

• Questions about parlimentary government and other forms of democratization. nationalism had an answer to these and that why it was eleven during revolutions.
• This led to Germany to the Frankfurt parliament but full of upperclass too far removed from society. He argues this shouldn’t be seen as a failure because it exposes the problems with german unifcation. For example, the question of whether guilds should be abolished and who should have power in new german states

Question 6

Italy

Answer 6

Emmanuel II drove Habsburgs out of northern italy

Question 7

comparison between italy and germany and poland

Answer 7

-both italy and germany lost and fought wars in 1848-49
- both had constitution after 1948
- liberal economic reforms
- expansion invisionments
- autria had been main obstacle to unification it had to be defeated in war before they could uni

all 3 saw themselves as dominant culture that they didn’t have to create themself and all three needed outside suporte

Italy and Germany unify Poland does not. He suggests that national unification’s success depended on aligning nationalist goals with state interests and power politics.

Question 8

why is the contruction of nationalist doctrine a transnational process?

Answer 8

• for legitimacy needed other nations to recognise it
• not individual awakening a pan European intellectual movement
  -disporas- exiles spread of ideas again
• divide and rule

Question 9

in what way were the revolutions of 1848-49 a turning point in the development of European nation states and nationalism?

Answer 9

• liberal and radicals were all defeated and rulers taken over the movement now a top down movement instead of bottom up intellectuals and urban rulers against monarchs
• states embrace nationalism
• from high to low culture