Lecture 4, tenderization of meat Flashcards

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1
Q

Vilka två mörningfaser sker post-mortem?

A
  • Toughening phase (orsakad av sacromere shortening under rigor mortis utveckling. Kortare sacromerer resulterar i ett tougher meat)
  • Tenderization phase(nedbrytning/protolys av myofibrilstrukturer (spec. Z-disc)
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2
Q

Vad orsakar background toughness?

A
  • Mängd kollagen
  • Mängd korsbindningar
  • Epimysium (runt muskelbuntarna) orsakar 90% av toughness orsakad av connective tissue
  • Endomysium (runt muskelfiberna) orskar 10%
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3
Q

Vilka proteolytiska enzymer finns?

A
  • Calpains (rött kött och kyckling)
  • Cathepsins (fisk) (bryter ner collagen crosslinking)

The calpains are located in the region of the Z lines, which they degrade as well as promoting breakdown of other proteins such as tropomyosin and titin (connectin). The calpains are inhibited by calpastatin. High calpastatin activity reduces the extent of proteolysis in muscles.

Cathepsins are more important in fish tenderization and meat kept at higher temperature. They occur in the lysosomes where they are probably released from post-mortem. They have maximum activity at mildly acidic conditions and are known to degrade troponin-T, collagen cross-links and mucopolysaccharides of the connective tissue ground substance. To degrade actin and myosin, pH should be below 5, hence is not occurring normally.

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4
Q

Vilka tre huvudsakliga roller summerar mörning?

A
  • Mängd och struktur av connective tissue
  • Grad av kontraktion
  • Hastighet och grad av proteolys
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5
Q

Vad är fördelen med elektrisk stimulering av slaktkroppen efter slakt?

A
  • pH-sänkningen tar 1-2h istället för 10-12h
  • ATP bryts ned
  • Tidig stelhet
  • Tidig start av mörhetsprocessen.
  • Motverkar cold shortening
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6
Q

Hur fungerar elektrisk stimulering vid slakt?

A

Acceleration av glykolysen och därmed motverkning av cold shortening (reducering av koncentrationen av ATP)

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7
Q

Vilka metoder kan öka mörheten efter slakt?

A
  • Lämplig nedkylning
  • Pelvic suspension (ökar sarcomerlängden pga stretchar muskeln)
  • Marinader (med enzymer, papain, bromelain, ficin) från växter
  • Tillagningsmetod
  • Mekanisk tenderisering (needle)
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