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ANAT-316 > Lecture 4: Internal Anatomy of the Heart > Flashcards

Lecture 4: Internal Anatomy of the Heart Flashcards

1
Q

The heart is a muscular organ divided into…

A

right and left pumps

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2
Q

Under normal circumstances, do the right and left pumps of the heart communicate directly?

A

no

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3
Q

What is each pump further divided into?

A

two communicating chambers: atrium and ventricle

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4
Q

What does the atrium do?

A

collects blood

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5
Q

What does the ventricle do?

A

discharges blood (pumps)

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6
Q

What kind of circulation is the right pump involved in?

A

pulmonary circulation

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7
Q

Where does the right pump move blood?

A

from the heart to the lungs for gas exchange

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8
Q

What kind of circulation is the left pump involved in?

A

systemic circulation

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9
Q

Where does the left pump move blood?

A

from the heart to all tissues of the body

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10
Q

What is the first step of cardiac blood flow?

A

deoxygenated blood from systemic circulation collects into right atrium and passes into the right ventricle

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11
Q

How does deoxygenated blood enter the right atrium?

A

from vena cavae, coronary sinus or directly

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12
Q

What is the second step of cardiac blood flow?

A

deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk/arteries and into the pulmonary circulation

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13
Q

What is the third step of cardiac blood flow?

A

oxygenated blood from pulmonary circulation collects in the left atrium and pass into the left ventricle

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14
Q

Where does the oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circulation that collects in the left atrium come from?

A

the pulmonary veins

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15
Q

What is the fourth step of cardiac blood flow?

A

oxygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle and into the systemic circulation

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16
Q

Where does blood leave after entering the left ventricle to get pumped into the systemic circulation?

A

the aorta

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17
Q

What kind of surface is the posterior atrial wall (right atrium)?

A

smooth

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18
Q

What do the anterior/lateral walls of the right atrium contain?

A

parallel folds of pectinate muscles

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19
Q

Where does the parallel folds of pectinate muscles extend into?

A

the right auricle

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20
Q

What is the function of pectinate muscles?

A

they help expand atrial volume while minimizing atrial wall stress

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21
Q

Blood passes into the right ventricle through…

A

the right atrioventricular valve

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22
Q

Where is the fossa ovalis located?

A

between the two atria

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23
Q

What is the crista terminalis?

A

crest at transition between smooth wall and pectinate muscle

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24
Q

What are the 7 parts of the right atrium?

A
  1. fossa ovalis
  2. valve of IVC
  3. opening and valve of coronary sinus
  4. right atrioventricular valve
  5. crista terminalis
  6. pectinate muscles
  7. right auricle
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25
Q

What is the function of the foreman ovale?

A

it allows oxygenated blood from the IVC to bypass right ventricle and go to the left atrium instead

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26
Q

What becomes after birth when the foreman ovale seals?

A

the fossa ovalis

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27
Q

How are fetal lungs and pulmonary circulation in utero?

A

“offline”

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28
Q

How does gas exchange occur in utero?

A

through the yolk sac and placenta

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29
Q

What does prenatal circulation include?

A

shunts

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30
Q

What is the function of shunts in utero?

A

they allow the pulmonary circulation to be bypassed

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31
Q

What is left when the FO fails to seal completely?

A

a patent foreamen ovale

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32
Q

How does deoxygenated blood enter the right ventricle?

A

through the right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid)

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33
Q

How many cusps does the atrioventricular valve?

A

3

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34
Q

What are the cusps of the atrioventricular valve linked by?

A

chordae tendineae

35
Q

What are the 3 cusps of the atrioventricular valve linked to?

A

3 sets of papillary muscles

36
Q

What are the names of the 3 papillary muscles?

A

anterior, posterior, septal

37
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles and chordae?

A

they ‘hold on’ to the cusps to keep them from prolapsing into the right atrium during ventricular contraction (systole)

38
Q

What assists the ventricle walls?

A

the trabeculae carnae

39
Q

What do the right ventricle walls do?

A

pump deoxygenated blood out the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary trunk

40
Q

What are the 6 parts of the right ventricle?

A
  1. right atrioventricular valve
  2. papillary muscles
  3. trabeculae carnae
  4. chordae tendineae
  5. cusps
  6. pulmonary (semilunar) valve
41
Q

What is another name for the pulmonary valve?

A

semilunar valve

42
Q

How many pulmonary veins enter the left atrium?

A

4

43
Q

Which auricle has less pectinate muscle?

A

the left auricle

44
Q

What is another name for the atrioventricular valve in the left atrium/ventricle?

A

bicuspid

45
Q

Why is the left atrioventricular valve called bicuspid and not tricuspid?

A

because it has only 2 sets of cusps/chordae/papillary muscles

46
Q

What is the difference in ventricular walls between the left and right ventricles?

A

the left ventricular wall is much thicker

47
Q

What is the ductus arteriosus?

A

a second shunt to bypass pulmonary circulation

48
Q

What does the ductus arteriosus turn into in the first few months of postnatal life?

A

ligamentum arteriosum

49
Q

What are the two phases of the cardiac cycle?

A

the ventricular diastole and systole

50
Q

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is the longest?

A

the ventricular diastole

51
Q

What happens during ventricular diastole?

A

both ventricles relax and blood refills both chambers via open atrioventricular valves

52
Q

What is going on between the atrioventricular and semilunar valves during diastole?

A

atrioventricular: open
semilunar: closed

53
Q

Which phase of the cardiac cycle is the shortest?

A

the ventricular systole

54
Q

What happens during ventricular systole?

A

both ventricles contract and blood is pumped out of them via open semilunar valves

55
Q

What is going on between the atrioventricular and semilunar valves during systole?

A

atrioventricular: closed
semilunar: open

56
Q

What is the direction of flow through the heart chambers?

A

unidirectional

57
Q

What is the function of heart valves in the chambers?

A

prevents back flow into the chambers the blood just left

58
Q

Which valves are open and closed during ventricular diastole?

A

AV: open
semilunar: closed (to prevent back flow)

59
Q

Which valves are open and closed during ventricular systole?

A

AV: closed (to prevent back flow)
semilunar: open

60
Q

What causes auschultation?

A

the valves snap shut and make an audible sound that can be heard

61
Q

How can we hear auscultations?

A

by placing a stethoscope in the right place

62
Q

Which line do you read the L and R semilunar (aortic) valve at?

A

at the parasternal line

63
Q

Where do you read the left semilunar valve?

A

at the right second intercostal space

64
Q

Where do you read the right semilunar valve?

A

at the left second intercostal space

65
Q

Where do you read the right and left tricuspid valve?

A

at the left fifth intercostal space

66
Q

Which line do you read the right tricuspid valve?

A

the parasternal line

67
Q

Which line do you read the left tricuspid valve?

A

the midclavicular line

68
Q

What is the classification of the efferent control of the heart function?

A

autonomic

69
Q

What do sympathetic fibers from spinal cord levels T1-T4 and the cervical ganglia arise as?

A

sympathetic cardiac nerves

70
Q

How do parasympathetic fibers come from the vagus nerves as?

A

cardiac branches

71
Q

What do the parasympathetic fibers cause the heart rate to do?

A

decrease

72
Q

What do the sympathetic fibers cause the heart rate to do?

A

increase

73
Q

What do the SNS and PSNS fibers mesh to form?

A

a cardiac plexus

74
Q

What is the function of the cardiac plexus?

A

it provides branches to conduction system of the heart, coronary vasculature and myocardium

75
Q

What is included in the heart’s conduction system? (6)

A
  1. sinoatrial node
  2. atrioventricular node
  3. atrioventricular bundle
  4. right bundle branch
  5. left bundle branch
  6. Purkinje fibres
76
Q

What is the septomarginal band?

A

‘bridge’ across inferior right ventricle for better conductance to right anterior papillary m.

77
Q

Where does the septomarginal band cross?

A

the inferior right ventricle

78
Q

What is the natural pacemaker of the body?

A

the sinoatrial node

79
Q

The ANS is only…

A

efferent

80
Q

What is sensory input provided by in the ANS?

A

general visceral afferent fibers

81
Q

What do general visceral afferent fibers run with?

A

the ANS fibers

82
Q

Which two fibres share circuitry in the posterior horn of the spinal cord?

A

the general visceral afferent fibres and somatic fibres

83
Q

What is referred pain?

A

when somatic and visceral signals get misinterpreted by the brain

ANAT-316 (25 decks)

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