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ANAT-316 > Lecture 18 - Posterior Abdomen and Abdominal Arteries > Flashcards

Lecture 18 - Posterior Abdomen and Abdominal Arteries Flashcards

1
Q

What are the posterior wall muscles?

A
  1. Diaphragm
  2. Quadratus lumborum
  3. Psoas minor
  4. Psoas major
  5. Iliacus
  6. Iliopsoas
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2
Q

What are the 3 hiatuses?

A
  1. Caval hiatus (T8)
  2. Esophageal hiatus (T10)
  3. Aortic hiatus (T12)
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3
Q

What are the 3 arcuate ligaments?

A
  1. Lateral arcuate ligament
  2. Medial arcuate ligament
  3. Median arcuate ligament
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4
Q

What does the lateral arcuate ligament create a passage for?

A

Quadratus lumborum

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5
Q

What does the medial arcuate ligament create a passage for?

A

Psoas major/minor

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6
Q

What does the median arcuate ligament create a passage for?

A

Aorta (aortic hiatus)

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7
Q

What are the kidneys?

A

Smooth, ovoid organs covered in a fibrous capsule

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8
Q

What are the margins of the kidneys?

A
  1. Medial margin
  2. Lateral margin
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9
Q

What are the poles of the kidneys?

A
  1. Superior pole
  2. Inferior pole
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10
Q

What are the structures of the kidneys?

A
  1. Hilum
  2. Renal artery
  3. Renal vein
  4. Ureter
  5. Fibrous capsule
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11
Q

What are the hilum on the kidneys an entrance for?

A

Renal sinus (on medial margin)

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12
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

Funnel shaped region at the superior end of the ureter

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13
Q

What gland is located on the superior pole of the kidneys?

A

Adrenal (suprarenal) gland

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14
Q

What are the suprarenal glands attached to?

A

The crura of the diaphragm by the renal fascia

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15
Q

What are the layers of the internal kidney?

A
  1. Outer renal cortex
  2. Inner renal medulla
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16
Q

What are the parts of the renal cortex?

A
  1. Renal capsule
  2. Cortex
  3. Renal columns
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17
Q

What are the renal columns?

A

Extensions of the renal cortex into the renal medulla

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18
Q

What are the parts of the renal medulla?

A
  1. Renal pyramid
  2. Renal papilla
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19
Q

What are renal pyramids?

A

Divisions of the renal medulla by the renal columns

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20
Q

What are the renal papilla?

A

Apical projections of renal pyramids

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21
Q

What are the 2 different renal calices?

A
  1. Minor calyces
  2. Major calyx
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22
Q

How many minor calyces are there?

A

8-12 per kidney

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23
Q

How many major calyx are there?

A

2-3 per kidney

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24
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

Cavity containing adipose, renal pelvis + calyces, and neurovasculature

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25
Q

What is the nephron?

A

Functional unit of the kidney (average of 1M per kidney)

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26
Q

What are the renal connective tissues?

A
  • Kidney’s are associated with several outer layers of connective tissues
  • Kidney’s -> retroperitoneal
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27
Q

What are the layers of fascia?

A

From outside to inside:
1. Thoracolumbar fascia
2. Transversalis fascia
3. Renal fascia
4. Parietal peritoneum

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28
Q

What are the layers of fat?

A

From outside to inside:
1. Paranephric (pararenal)
2. Perinephric (perirenal)

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29
Q

Where is paranephric fat located?

A

Outside the renal fascia

30
Q

Where is perinephric fat located?

A

Between the fibrous capsule of the kidney and renal fascia

31
Q

What are ureters?

A
  • Retroperitoneal muscular tubes that carry from kidneys to urinary bladder
  • 25 to 30 cm
32
Q

What are the layers of the suprarenal glands?

A

From outside to inside:
1. Capsule
2. Cortex
3. Medulla

33
Q

What artery and vein cross over the ureter?

A

Gonadal a. and v.

34
Q

Where do the visceral afferent nerves travel to?

A

T11-L2 spinal levels

35
Q

Where is the referred pain of these visceral afferent nerves?

A

Ipsilateral lower abdomen/groin region

36
Q

What are renal and ureteric calculi?

A

Stones/pebbles made of concentrated salts/minerals in urine

37
Q

Where can calculi pass?

A

Into the ureter

38
Q

What issues can large calculi cause in the ureter?

A
  • Distention
  • Leads to intermittent pain (as stone is passed)
  • Can obstruct flow of urine
39
Q

What are the treatments for calculi?

A
  1. Nephroscopic removal
  2. Lithotripsy
40
Q

What is lithotripsy?

A

Shockwaves to break up calculi

41
Q

What are the 3 sites of ureter constriction?

A
  1. Ureteropelvic junction
  2. Crossing iliac vessels at pelvic brim
  3. Entering the wall of the bladder
42
Q

What are the retroperitoneal structures?

A
  1. Suprarenal glands
  2. Aorta + inferior vena cava
  3. Duodenum (D2 + D3)
  4. Pancreas (except tail)
  5. Ureters
  6. Colon (Asc. + desc.)
  7. Kidneys
  8. Esophagus
  9. Rectum
43
Q

What are the paired parietal (segmental) arteries?

A
  1. Inferior phrenic a. (T12)
  2. Lumbar a. (L1-L4)
44
Q

Where do the inferior phrenic arteries run?

A
  • Branches off abdominal aorta
  • Located inferior to aortic hiatus
45
Q

What do the inferior phrenic arteries supply?

A

Supply blood to inferior diaphragm

46
Q

What is a branch of the inferior phrenic arteries?

A

Superior suprarenal arteries

47
Q

Where do the lumbar arteries run?

A
  • Arise from posterior aorta
  • Wrap laterally around vertebral bodies
48
Q

What do the lumbar arteries supply?

A
  • Parts of spinal cord
  • Posterior abdominal wall
49
Q

What are the paired visceral arteries?

A
  1. Middle suprarenal a. (L1)
  2. Renal a. (L1/L2)
  3. Gonadal a. (L2)
50
Q

Where do the middle suprarenal arteries run?

A

Arises between celiac trunk and superior mesenteric a.

51
Q

Where do the renal arteries run?

A
  • Lateral branch arising between L1 and L2 vertebral levels
  • Enters hilum of the kidney
52
Q

What do the renal arteries supply?

A

Kidneys

53
Q

What is a branch of the renal arteries?

A

Inferior suprarenal arteries

54
Q

Which renal artery is longer?

A

Right renal artery (passes behind the inferior vena cava)

55
Q

Where do the gonadal arteries run?

A
  • Lateral branch arising around L2
  • Travels anterior to the ureter
  • Can be testicular or ovarian
56
Q

What 3 sources supply blood to the suprarenal glands?

A
  1. Superior suprarenal a.
  2. Middle suprarenal a.
  3. Inferior suprarenal a.
57
Q

What are the 3 “trunks” of the abdominal arteries?

A
  1. Celiac trunk (T12)
  2. Superior mesenteric a. (L1)
  3. Inferior mesenteric a. (L3)
58
Q

What are the 3 branches of the celiac trunk?

A
  1. Left gastric artery
  2. Splenic artery
  3. Common hepatic artery
59
Q

What is the branch of the splenic artery?

A

Left gastroepiploic a.

60
Q

What are the branches of the common hepatic artery?

A

a) Gastroduodenal a.
c) Right gastroepiploic a.
d) Superior pancreaticoduodenal a.
e) Right gastric a.
f) Hepatic a. proper
g) Cystic a.
h) Right hepatic a.
i) Left hepatic a.

61
Q

What is the anastomosis along the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

Between: Left gastric + Right gastric

62
Q

What is the anastomosis along the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Between: Left gastroepiploic + Right gastroepiploic

63
Q

What does the cystic artery supply?

A

Gallbladder

64
Q

What does the right hepatic artery supply?

A

Liver

65
Q

What does the left hepatic artery supply?

A

Liver

66
Q

What are the branches of the superior mesenteric artery?

A
  1. Inferior pancreaticoduodenal a.
  2. Jejunal arteries
  3. Ileal arteries
  4. Ileocolic a.
  5. Right colic a.
  6. Middle colic a.
67
Q

What anastomoses with the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery?

A

Superior pancreaticoduodenal a.

68
Q

What are the branches of the inferior mesenteric artery?

A
  1. Left colic a.
  2. Sigmoid arteries
  3. Superior rectal artery
69
Q

What is the marginal artery?

A

An arterial arcade near the splenic flexure

70
Q

What anastomosis occurs at the marginal artery?

A

Between: Left colic + Middle colic

ANAT-316 (25 decks)

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