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ANAT-316 > Lecture 2: Lungs & Tracheobronchial Tree > Flashcards

Lecture 2: Lungs & Tracheobronchial Tree Flashcards

1
Q

What parts make up the thoracic cavity?

A
  • superior thoracic aperture
  • right and left lung
  • right and left pulmonary space
  • superior mediastinum
  • diaphragm (closes inferior thoracic aperture)
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2
Q

What are the bony boundaries of the thoracic cavity?

A

vertebrae, ribs, and sternum

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3
Q

What are the muscular boundaries that make up the walls of the thoracic cavity?

A

intercostal muscles (external, internal, innermost), transversus thoracic, subcostal muscles

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4
Q

What is the muscular boundary that makes up the flood of the thoracic cavity?

A

the diaphragm

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5
Q

What are the levels of the thoracic cavity?

A

8, 10, 12

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6
Q

What is pleura?

A

serous membrane sac

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7
Q

Which pleura covers the organs?

A

the visceral pleura

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8
Q

Which pleura covers the body cavity walls?

A

the parietal pleura

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9
Q

What is the fascia that lines the parietal pleura?

A

the endo-thoracic fascia

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10
Q

What are the 4 parts of the parietal pleura?

A
  1. cervical part
  2. costal part
  3. diaphragmatic part
  4. mediastinal part
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11
Q

Where does the suprapleural membrane attach?

A

1st rib + TP of C7

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12
Q

What is the suprapleural membrane?

A

a fibrous extension of endothoracic fascia

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13
Q

Which pleura is the thickest?

A

the parietal pleura

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14
Q

Which pleura can separate from adjacent structures during dissection?

A

the parietal pleura

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15
Q

What are pleural reflections?

A

when the parietal pleura lines along which it changes directions

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16
Q

Where is the parietal pleura continuous with the visceral pleura?

A

at the hilum of the lung

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17
Q

What is the opening for the root of the lung called?

A

the hilum

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18
Q

What are pleural recesses?

A

bilateral potential spaces filled during inspiration

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19
Q

What are the 2 kinds of recesses?

A

costmediastinal and costodiaphragmatic

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20
Q

What are costomediastinal recesses?

A

spaces posterior to the sternum; left recess larger due to cardiac notch

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21
Q

What are costodiaphragmatic recesses?

A

“gutter” along thoracic wall surrounding the domes of the diaphragm

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22
Q

What is dyspnea?

A

difficulty breathing

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23
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

air in the pleural cavity

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24
Q

What happens when the pneumothorax is open?

A

air enters from outside the body

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25
Q

What happens when the pneumothorax is closed?

A

air enters from within respiratory system

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26
Q

How can we intervene when somebody has pneumothorax?

A

with needle decompression

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27
Q

What two fissures are found on the right lung?

A

the oblique fissure and horizontal fissure

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28
Q

Which fissure is found on the left lung?

A

the oblique fissure

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29
Q

How is the right lung divided?

A

superior, middle and inferior

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30
Q

How is the left lung divided?

A

superior and inferior

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31
Q

What are the 2 parts of the left lung that aren’t found on the right lung?

A

the cardiac notch and the lingula

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32
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the lungs?

A

diaphragmatic (base), costal & mediastinal

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33
Q

What are the 3 borders of the lungs?

A

inferior, anterior, & posterior

34
Q

Which organ is found under the diaphragm on the right lung?

A

the liver

35
Q

Which organ is found under the diaphragm on the left lung?

A

the stomach

36
Q

What are the 4 impressions found on the right lung?

A

superior vena cava, brachiocephalic trunk, esophagus, azygous vein

37
Q

What are the 4 impressions found on the left lung?

A

brachiocephalic vein, subclavian artery, esophagus, aorta

38
Q

What is the root of the lung comprised of?

A

B: bronchus
A: pulmonary artery
V: pulmonary vein

39
Q

What is the tracheobronchial tree?

A

sequential branching of respiratory tract

40
Q

What does the trachea bifurcate into?

A

right and left primary bronchi

41
Q

What do primary bronchi divide into?

A

secondary and lobular bronchi

42
Q

How many secondary bronchi does the right primary bronchus have?

A

3

43
Q

How many secondary bronchi does the left primary bronchus have?

A

2

44
Q

What do secondary bronchi divide into?

A

2-5 tertiary/segmental bronchi

45
Q

What is found on the trachea?

A

C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings

46
Q

What are C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings connected by?

A

annular ligaments

47
Q

What level does the tracheal bifurcation happen?

A

T4/T5

48
Q

What are the parts of the tracheobronchial tree from a superior view?

A
  1. esophagus
  2. trachealis muscle
  3. mucosa
  4. cartilage
49
Q

What is the function of the trachealis muscle?

A

it helps the esophagus push food down

50
Q

What is the right primary bronchus divided into?

A

superior (3), middle (2) and inferior (5)

51
Q

What is the left primary bronchus divided into?

A

superior (5) and inferior (5)

52
Q

Where is aspiration of a foreign body most likely to lodge?

A

in the right primary bronchus

53
Q

Why do foreign bodies get lodged in the right primary bronchus?

A

because of the straighter trajectory and larger width

54
Q

Where do very small foreign bodies may become lodged?

A

in secondary bronchi (especially inferior due to gravity)

55
Q

What is a pneumectomy?

A

removal of an entire lung

56
Q

What is a lobectomy?

A

removal of an entire lobe

57
Q

What is a segmentectomy?

A

removal of one (or more) segments

58
Q

How is the respiratory tract divided?

A

conducting and respiratory components

59
Q

What comprises the conducting zone?

A

from nose to terminal bronchioles

60
Q

What comprises the respiratory zone?

A

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar sacs, alveolar ducts, alveoli

61
Q

What is the difference between bronchi and bronchioles?

A

bronchioles have no cartilage

62
Q

What is found on the respiratory bronchioles and alveolar sacs?

A

branch of a pulmonary artery and tributary of a pulmonary vein

63
Q

What kind of blood is found in the 2 pulmonary arteries?

A

deoxygenated blood

64
Q

What kind of blood is found in the 4 pulmonary veins?

A

oxygenated blood

65
Q

Where do bronchial arteries branch off?

A

aorta and/or posterior intercostal arteries

66
Q

Where do bronchial veins drain?

A

into the heart via veins in the posterior mediastinum

67
Q

What is the blood supply for the visceral pleura?

A

pulmonary and bronchial vessels

68
Q

What is the blood supply for the parietal pleura?

A

thoracic wall vessels (intercostal) + diaphragmatic and pericardial vessels

69
Q

What are the 2 ducts that make up the lymphatic drainage?

A

right lymphatic duct
thoracic duct

70
Q

What are venous angles?

A

where subclavian and internal jugular veins meet to form brachiocephalic veins

71
Q

What innervates the sympathetic system?

A

T2-T5 (sympathetic trunk/chain)

72
Q

What innervates the parasympathetic system?

A

vagus nerve CN X (from the brainstem)

73
Q

What innervates both the sympathetic and parasympathetic system?

A

the pulmonary plexuses

74
Q

What innervates the visceral pleura?

A

the pulmonary plexus

75
Q

What system is the visceral pleura part of?

A

the autonomic nervous system

76
Q

What innervates the parietal pleura?

A

the phrenic nerve and intercostal nerves

77
Q

What parts of the parietal pleura does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

the mediastinal and medial diaphragmatic parts

78
Q

What parts of the parietal pleura does the intercostal nerves innervate?

A

the costal, cervical & peripheral diaphragmatic parts

79
Q

What are the spinal levels of the referred pain patterns seen by the phrenic nerve?

A

C3-C5 dermatomes

80
Q

What are the spinal levels of the referred pain patterns seen by the intercostal nerves?

A

in dermatomes along thoracic wall corresponding to affecting intercostal nerves

ANAT-316 (25 decks)

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