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ANAT-316 > Lecture 13 - Pharynx & Larynx > Flashcards

Lecture 13 - Pharynx & Larynx Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of tube is the pharynx

A

fibromuscular

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2
Q

Food / drink ->

A

esophagus

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3
Q

Air ->

A

larynx and trachea

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4
Q

What is the pharynx divide into? (3)

A

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

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5
Q

What kind of structure is the larynx?

A

hollow, musculoligamentous

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6
Q

What is the larynx suspended from?

A

the hyoid bone

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7
Q

Which layer of the deep cervical fascia encircles the pharynx, esophagus, larynx, trachea, thyroid gland, etc?

A

visceral layer of pretracheal fascia

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8
Q

Why is the hyoid bone so sensitive?

A

because it is isolated from the rest of the skeleton

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9
Q

What 5 structures does the hyoid bone connect to?

A

mandible, base of skull, thyroid cartilage, sternum and scapulae

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10
Q

What level is the hyoid bone found in?

A

C3 (anterior to the vertebral column)

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11
Q

What part of the hyoid bone provides an attachment site for the stylohyoid ligament?

A

the lesser horns

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12
Q

What are the 3 parts of the hyoid bone?

A

greater horns, lesser horns, body

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13
Q

How does the hyoid connect to the larynx?

A

by the thyrohyoid membrane

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14
Q

What are the 3 constrictor muscles?

A
  1. superior pharyngeal constrictor
  2. middle pharyngeal constrictor
  3. inferior pharyngeal constrictor
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15
Q

Where does the superior pharyngeal constrictor attach?

A

base of the skull and pterygomandibular raphe

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16
Q

Where does the middle pharyngeal constrictor attach?

A

hyoid bone (greater horn)

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17
Q

Where does the inferior pharyngeal constrictor attach?

A

thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage

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18
Q

Where do the circular constrictor muscles relax?

A

inferior to the bolus

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19
Q

Where do the circular constrictor muscles contract?

A

superior to the bolus to move it through the digestive tract

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20
Q

What are wave-like muscle contractions called?

A

peristalsis

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21
Q

What are all pharyngeal muscles innervated by?

A

CN X except stylopharyngeus (CN IX)

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22
Q

Which constrictors does the stylopharyngus pass between?

A

superior and middle

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23
Q

What is the stylopharyngeus innervated by?

A

CN IX

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24
Q

Which tube helps us regulate pressure?

A

the pharyngotympanic tube

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25
Q

What are the 3 muscles of the pharynx?

A

stylopharyngeus, salpingopharyngeus, palatopharyngeus

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26
Q

Which plexus transmits motor and sensory innervation to the pharyngeal muscles?

A

pharyngeal plexus

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27
Q

What are the 2 arches of the mouth?

A

palatoglossal arch and palatopharyngeal arch

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28
Q

Which fold attaches to the salpingopharyngeus muscle?

A

salpingopharyngeal fold

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29
Q

What is found in the torus tubarius?

A

the auditory tube

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30
Q

What muscle is found in the torus levatorius?

A

levator veli palatini

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31
Q

What kind of tissue are tonsils?

A

lymphoid tissue

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32
Q

What do tonsillar rings surround?

A

nasal and oral cavities

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33
Q

Which ganglion is the location of sympathetic synapses for head and neck structures?

A

superior cervical ganglion

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34
Q

How can we locate the glossopharyngeal nerve in the pharynx?

A

by looking at the stylopharyngeus muscles

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35
Q

How can we locate the vagus nerve in the pharynx?

A

by finding the superior cervical ganglion

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36
Q

What provides sensory innervation to the nasopharynx?

A

CN V2 (pharyngeal branch)

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37
Q

What provides sensory innervation to the oropharynx?

A

CN IX

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38
Q

What provides sensory innervation to the laryngopharynx?

A

CN X

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39
Q

Which cartilage contributes to the Adam’s apple?

A

thyroid cartilage

40
Q

What is the laryngeal apparatus from a lateral view? (5)

A
  1. epiglottis
  2. hyoid bone
  3. thyroid cartilage
  4. cricoid cartilage
  5. trachea
41
Q

How many unpaired cartilages are in the laryngeal “skeleton”?

42
Q

How many sets of paired cartilages are there in the laryngeal “skeleton”?

43
Q

What is the function of the membranes and ligaments of the larynx?

A

connect laryngeal skeleton components + hyoid bone

44
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

A

alter tension of vocal folds and control opening of rima glottis

45
Q

What do the intrinsic muscles of the larynx control the opening of?

A

rima glottis

46
Q

Which cartilage articulates with the cricoid cartilage?

A

inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage

47
Q

What is the shape of the cricoid cartilage?

A

closed ring; thinner anteriorly

48
Q

What are the 3 parts of the thyroid cartilage?

A
  1. inferior horn
  2. laryngeal prominence
  3. superior horn
49
Q

What kind of shape is the thyroid cartilage?

A

U-shaped, open at the back

50
Q

What joint is found between the thyroid cartialge and the cricoid cartilage?

A

cricothyroid joint

51
Q

What joint is found between the arytenoid cartilage and the cricoid cartilage?

A

crico-arytenoid joint

52
Q

Where does the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage face?

A

anteriorly

53
Q

Where does the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage face?

54
Q

What is the shape of the arytenoid cartilages?

A

paired pyramidal

55
Q

What does the epiglottis attach to?

A

thyroid cartilage (anteriorly)

56
Q

What kind of structure is the epiglottis?

A

moveable lead-shaped

57
Q

Which membrane is between the hyoid bone and the thyroid cartilage?

A

thyrohyoid membrane

58
Q

What membrane is between the cricoid cartilage and the thyroid cartilage?

A

cricothyroid membrane

59
Q

What is the superior edge/free border of the cricothyroid membrane?

A

vocal ligament

60
Q

What is the vocal ligament called when covered in mucosa?

A

vocal fold

61
Q

What membrane is between the epiglottis and arytenoid cartilages?

A

quadrangular membrane

62
Q

What forms the free inferior edge of the quadrangular membrane?

A

vestibular ligament

63
Q

What is the vestibular ligament called when covered in mucosa?

A

vestibular fold

64
Q

What forms the free superior edge of the quadrangular membrane?

A

aryepiglottic ligament

65
Q

What is the aryepiglottic ligament called when covered in mucosa?

A

aryepiglottic fold

66
Q

What is the laryngeal cavity spanned by?

A

the laryngeal inlet and the inferior border of the cricoid cartilage

67
Q

What is the laryngeal inlet bounded by?

A

margin of epiglottis and aryepiglottic folds

68
Q

What is between the rima vestibuli?

A

the vestibular folds

69
Q

What is the rima glottis?

A

the space between the vocal folds

70
Q

Which space, when opened, helps modulate the voice?

A

rima glottis

71
Q

Which sinus does food get trapped in?

A

the pyriform sinus

72
Q

What are the 3 spaces of the larynx?

A

rima vestibuli, rima glottis, laryngeal ventricles

73
Q

What is the function of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A

move the cricothyroid and crico-arythnoid joints

74
Q

What are the 2 functions of the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

A
  1. alter length and tension of vocal folds
  2. change size and shape of rima glottis
75
Q

Which muscles are involved in respiration and phonation?

A
  1. transverse & oblique arytenoid mm.
  2. aryepiglottic m.
  3. lateral cricoarytenoid m.
  4. posterior cricoarytenoid m.
76
Q

What is the function of the transverse & oblique arytenoid mm.?

A
  • ADduction of arytenoid cartilages -> close rima glottis
  • produce sound
77
Q

What is the function of the aryepiglottic muscle?

A

decreases diameter of laryngeal inlet

78
Q

What is the function of the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle?

A

internal rotation of arytenoids & ADduction of vocal folds -> narrow rima glottis

79
Q

What is the function of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle?

A

ABduction of vocal folds (via
external rotation of arytenoids) -> open rima glottis

80
Q

Which muscles are involved in regulating pitch?

A
  1. thyroarytenoid m.
  2. cricothyroid m.
81
Q

What is the function of the thyroartenoid muscle?

A

pulls arytenoid cartilages anteriorly -> relax vocal folds
LOWER pitch

82
Q

What is the function of the cricothyroid muscle?

A

tilts thyroid cartilage anteriorly -> tense vocal folds
HIGHER pitch

83
Q

Which nerve provides some sensory and motor innervation to the larynx?

A

superior laryngeal nerve

84
Q

What are the 2 branches of the superior laryngeal nerve?

A

internal and external branch

85
Q

What innervation does the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve provide? Where?

A

sensory innervation from superior region

86
Q

What innervation does the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve provide? Where?

A

motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle

87
Q

What is the superior laryngeal nerve a branch of?

A

the vagus nerve

88
Q

What provides motor innervation to the laryngeal muscles?

A
  • external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve
  • recurrent branch of the vagus nerve
89
Q

Which 2 arteries provide blood supply to the larynx?

A

superior thyroid and infeiror thyroid

90
Q

Which 2 branches of the superior thyroid artery supplies the larynx?

A

superior laryngeal and cricothyroid branches

91
Q

Which branche of the inferior thyroid artery supplies the larynx?

A

inferior laryngeal branch

92
Q

What kind of innervation does the recurrent laryngeal nerve provide?

A

motor to all other laryngeal muscles and sensory from inferior region

93
Q

Which two structures act as valves that control the opening of the pharynx to the oral + nasal cavities and larynx/tranchea?

A

soft palate and epiglottis

94
Q

During breathing, what happens to the soft palate and epiglottis?

A

they are neutral

95
Q

During breathing + chewing, what happens to the soft palate and epiglottis?

A

soft palate: depressed
epiglottis: neutral

96
Q

During swallowing, what happens to the soft palate and epiglottis?

A

soft palate: elevated
epiglottis: depressed

ANAT-316 (25 decks)

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